2 Plus 4 Equals One - Was Diplomacy Vital for Achieving German Reunification?

2 Plus 4 Equals One - Was Diplomacy Vital for Achieving German Reunification? PDF

Author: Florian Heyden

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2007-08-24

Total Pages: 41

ISBN-13: 3638770745

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Essay from the year 2006 in the subject Politics - Political Systems - History, grade: Merit (Gut), King s College London (Department of War Studies), 15 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Until not long before the events of 1989, political union between the two German states appeared far off. In fact, in early 1989, articles appeared in the International Herald Tribune proposing the German politicians give up the idea of German reunification1. Yet within little more than a year, Germany had acceded to full political union and sovereignty, without allies or neighbours objecting. We will ask ourselves how this seeming contradiction came to happen and what role diplomacy played in making it possible. To do this, we will separate the course of events in two sections, the first one -less formalised- focusing more on the question if reunification would happen, followed by the second -more formalised- focusing on the terms of reunification. In the third part we will face the question what role the shape of consultations, notably the 2+4 (two German states plus four allied powers), played in the successful outcome of German moves towards reunification.

The Two Plus Four Negotiations from a German-German Perspective

The Two Plus Four Negotiations from a German-German Perspective PDF

Author: Barbara Munske

Publisher: Lit Verlag

Published: 1994

Total Pages: 284

ISBN-13:

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" This book contains interviews with the participants of the two German negotiation delegations, participating in the so-called ""2 + 4"" negotiations on the external aspects of German unification, including the two German former Foreign Ministers. The material that Barbara Munske makes available to the international political science community is unusual in two regards: First, it is extremely rare that diplomats are willing and open to talk about their experiences during a negotiation process. Second, the German unification process receives an added, detailed account of how the negotiations progressed. Much has been written about the German unification process but personal accounts of the external aspects of German unification are difficult to find. Due to the personal accounts of the negotiators involved, the reader will almost be able to feel the tension and diversity of opinions of the two German delegations. The focus of the study is the delegation of the former GDR. All participants of that delegation where prepared to talk intensively with Ms. Munske about their experiences and thoughts. Due to the psychosocial analytical approach that this book entails, especially the focus on the question of power and dominance in a negotiation setting, the book shows once more that concentrating in analysis solely on content and not on atmospheres of international negotiations, ignores formative elements in decision-making. "

Deutsche Mark Diplomacy

Deutsche Mark Diplomacy PDF

Author: Randall E. Newnham

Publisher: Penn State Press

Published: 2002-11-04

Total Pages: 362

ISBN-13: 0271031328

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Whether economic sanctions work at all, and how they work if they do, are questions that have long been debated by scholars of international relations. Using a new analytic approach, which distinguishes between positive and negative sanctions and between specific and general sanctions, this book aims both to demonstrate the importance of economic linkage and to explain the variety of forms it can take. Deutsche Mark Diplomacy draws support for its theoretical arguments from a careful study of Germany's efforts to gain political leverage over Russia via economic means from 1870 into the 1990s. Focusing on two major powers over a long period, during which regimes changed and issues varied, Randall Newnham finds strong evidence to show that positive forms of linkage such as foreign aid and trade or credit incentives are more effective than negative types such as embargoes. His book significantly expands our understanding of the role played by economic sanctions in international politics at the same time that it offers a more systematic way of explaining German foreign policy.

Bridging the European Divide

Bridging the European Divide PDF

Author: Joshua B. Spero

Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 378

ISBN-13: 9780742535534

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Do middle powers matter geopolitically to great powers when confronting the unconventional, twenty-first-century threats from nation-states or nonstate actors? Bridging the European Divide explores how key regional middle powers perceived and advocated their political power options in the aftermath of September 11, 2001.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists PDF

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1996-01

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13:

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The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.

Congressional Record

Congressional Record PDF

Author: United States. Congress

Publisher:

Published: 1963

Total Pages: 1438

ISBN-13:

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The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873)

The Future of the Korean Peninsula

The Future of the Korean Peninsula PDF

Author: Mason Richey

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2021-07-28

Total Pages: 255

ISBN-13: 1000414116

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This book considers both Koreas - North Korea and South Korea - to examine possible pathways for the years leading up to 2032 and beyond, thus offering a composite picture of Korea and its strategic relevance in Asia and the world at large. Through a combined South-North Olympic team and an effort of jointly hosting the Games, Republic of Korea president Moon Jae-in has marked the year 2032 as special in the future of the Korean Peninsula. Although the International Olympic Committee (IOC) has expressed scepticism about a combined hosting of the Games, the expectation in Korea is that this event will underline the shared destiny of the people inhabiting the peninsula and realign two states still caught in an ideologically fraught civil conflict that is one of the last vestiges of the Cold War. Chapters begin with a brief historical review and analysis of the present, before moving to consider how these will shape the next decade, drawing comparative and complementary analyses. No matter how contrasting the contemporary trajectories of both North and South Korea might appear, ‘Korea’ as a singular entity is an old concept still containing great possibilities. As the ongoing inter-Korean reconciliation process underscores, the futures of North and South Korea can be found in a complementary singular Korea, which would again represent an important political, strategic, cultural, and social space in Asia. An evaluation of the future trajectory, social awareness and perception of the Koreas, this book offers a valuable contribution to the study of North and South Korea and Asian Politics.

Germany Unified and Europe Transformed

Germany Unified and Europe Transformed PDF

Author: Philip Zelikow

Publisher:

Published: 1997

Total Pages: 493

ISBN-13: 9780674353251

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This work provides an analysis of the moves and manoeuvres that brought an end to the Cold War division of Europe. Coverage includes discussion of the opening of the Berlin Wall and a study of the relationship between West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and reform Communist leader, Hans Modrow.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists PDF

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1970-06

Total Pages: 116

ISBN-13:

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The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.

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