X-ray Microscopy

X-ray Microscopy PDF

Author: Ping-chin Cheng

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 429

ISBN-13: 3642728812

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

In 1979, a conference on x-ray microscopy was organized by the New York Academy of Sciences, and in 1983, the Second Interna tional Symposium on X-ray Imaging was organized by the Akademie der Wissenschaften in Gottingen, Federal Republic of Germany. This volume contains the contributions to the symposium "X-ray Microscopy '86", held in Taipei, Taiwan, the Republic of China in August 1986. This is the first volume which intends to provide up-to date information on x-ray imaging to biologists, therefore, emphasis was given to specimen preparation techniques and image interpreta tion. Specimen preparation represents a major part of every microscopy work, therefore, it should be strongly emphasized in this emerging field of x-ray microscopy. Theoretically, x-ray microscopy offers the potential for the study of unfixed, hydrated biological ma terials. Since very few biological system can be directly observed without specimen preparation, we would like to emphasize that new information on biological specimens can only be obtained if the speci men is properly prepared. In the past decade, many of the published x-ray images were obtained from poorly prepared biological speci mens, mainly air-dried materials. Therefore, one of the goals of this conference is to bring the importance of specimen preparation to the attention of x-ray microscopy community. X-ray microscopy can be subdivided into several major areas. They are the classic x-ray projection microscope, x-ray contact imag ing (microradiography) and the more recent x-ray scanning micro scope, x-ray photoelectron microscope and x-ray imaging microscope.

Multidimensional Microscopy

Multidimensional Microscopy PDF

Author: P.-C. Cheng

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 394

ISBN-13: 1461383668

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

Modern cell biology is being revolutionized by the wedding of microscopy and computers. This book describes the new instrumentation and methods which allow three-dimensional reconstruction of specimens. Multidimensional Microscopy will be of interest to cell biologists, microscopists, and basic biomedical researchers whose work involves microscopic techniques. This book presents current results on a very active field in modern biology: methods in light and electron microscopy that allow the reconstruction of three-dimensional objects with the aid of computers. The book emphasizes the methods that can be used and examples of biological systems to which they have been applied. It includes extensive descriptions of confocal microscopy and its applications, as well as chapters on X-ray microscopy, low-voltage electron microscopy, and image reconstruction. This is an impressive summary of state-of-the-art methods in microscopy, in which microscopes and computers are being joined to permit specimens to be examined and reconstructed in three dimensions. Will be of interest to cell biologists, biomedical researchers, and microscopists.

Light microscopic techniques in biology and medicine

Light microscopic techniques in biology and medicine PDF

Author: J. James

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 345

ISBN-13: 9401014140

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

Up to about twenty-five years ago, virtually the entire field of microscopy could be overseen and even practized by any active research worker. The rapid evolution which microscopy in its broadest sense has since undergone and which has contributed greatly to our insight in many fields of biological science and medicine has, however, lead to a progressive specialisation. Both experienced investigators in clinical and biological laboratories and post graduate students, confronted with a limited number of microscopic tech niques in their daily research work, have increasing difficulty in keeping (or obtaining) a general idea of the many time-honoured and new possibilities which microscopy has to offer. This book has been written with the aim of presenting general informa tion on light microscopic techniques, at a level somewhere in between booklets like those provided by microscope manufacturers (which are often too much focussed on the production program of a particular make) and very advanced treatises with a thorough mathematical treatment of all phenomena concerned. The physically oriented texts moreover often do not sufficiently take into account the practical situation in a medical or biolog ical laboratory; on the other hand, the value of really understanding what one is doing in using a microscopic technique is often underestimated. At tempt has been made, therefore, to present sufficient background informa tion necessary for a rational application of the different microscopical tech niques in their mutual relationship.

Electron Probe Microanalysis

Electron Probe Microanalysis PDF

Author: Karl Zierold

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-08

Total Pages: 331

ISBN-13: 364274477X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The aim of electron probe microanalysis of biological systems is to identify, localize, and quantify elements, mass, and water in cells and tissues. The method is based on the idea that all electrons and photons emerging from an electron beam irradiated specimen contain information on its structure and composition. In particular, energy spectroscopy of X-rays and electrons after interaction of the electron beam with the specimen is used for this purpose. However, the application of this method in biology and medicine has to overcome three specific problems: 1. The principle constituent of most cell samples is water. Since liquid water is not compatible with vacuum conditions in the electron microscope, specimens have to be prepared without disturbing the other components, in parti cular diffusible ions (elements). 2. Electron probe microanaly sis provides physical data on either dry specimens or fully hydrated, frozen specimens. This data usually has to be con verted into quantitative data meaningful to the cell biologist or physiologist. 3. Cells and tissues are not static but dynamic systems. Thus, for example, microanalysis of physiolo gical processes requires sampling techniques which are adapted to address specific biological or medical questions. During recent years, remarkable progress has been made to overcome these problems. Cryopreparation, image analysis, and electron energy loss spectroscopy are key areas which have solved some problems and offer promise for future improvements.

Examining the Submicron World

Examining the Submicron World PDF

Author: Ralph Feder

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-11-21

Total Pages: 381

ISBN-13: 146132209X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

An Institute like ours cannot help but lend credence to the notion of the late Derek J. de Solla Price of Yale University that "the scientific revolution was largely the improvement, invention and use of a series of instruments . . . . that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions". Most of science today and in years gone by depends on the experimental observation of struc ture on the small scale with microscopes, and on the large scale with telescopes. The first instruments to expand the observational range of the human eye were simple optical systems, designed in the case of microscopes and telescopes to magnify the image. The big breakthrough in the 17th century was not when Galileo first turned his telescope to the heavens, but when improvements in lens-grinding techniques allowed eyeglass makers to make the first telescope. Early microscopy revealed new and previously unsuspected microstruc tures in biological and non-biological materials and thus helped to enlarge on the understanding of the relationship between structure and properties. The natural inclination of all microscopists, the desire to observe ever smaller structures, was satisfied by the construction of higher quality optical systems which reduced the aberrations limiting the usable magnification. The modem optical microscope is the result of this evolution in design and construction, and it can be operated easily to achieve close to the theoretical resolution.

Synchrotron Radiation Research

Synchrotron Radiation Research PDF

Author: Herman Winick

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 767

ISBN-13: 1461579988

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

This book has grown out of our shared experience in the development of the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL), based on the electron-positron storage ring SPEAR at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) starting in Summer, 1973. The immense potential of the photon beam from SPEAR became obvious as soon as experiments using the beam started to run in May, 1974. The rapid growth of interest in using the beam since that time and the growth of other facilities using high-energy storage rings (see Chapters 1 and 3) demonstrates how the users of this source of radiation are finding applications in an increasingly wide variety of fields of science and technology. In assembling the list of authors for this book, we have tried to cover as many of the applications of synchrotron radiation, both realized already or in the process of realization, as we can. Inevitably, there are omissions both through lack of space and because many projects are at an early stage. We thank the authors for their efforts and cooperation in producing what we believe is the most comprehensive treatment of synchrotron radiation research to date.

Lanterna Rally - Theme by Grace Themes