Wrestling with the Reformation in Augsburg, 1530

Wrestling with the Reformation in Augsburg, 1530 PDF

Author: Emily Fisher Gray

Publisher: UNC Press Books

Published: 2023-10-17

Total Pages: 220

ISBN-13: 1469676311

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In 1530, Holy Roman emperor Charles V called an imperial council in Augsburg, hoping to resolve religious dissention in the empire introduced by Martin Luther, whose 95 Theses, criticized the church's practice of offering promises of forgiveness from sins in exchange for money. Luther's allies in the town of Wittenberg presented the emperor with their theological positions. Another faction, aligned with Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli, offered more radical reforms. The Roman church responded with a defense of traditional doctrines, but by then, hope of a simple resolution to religious concerns had faded. By the time the council ended, local authorities in Augsburg recognized that its neutral, "middle way" position could not continue. The city would have to choose a side in the ongoing Reformation. In the game, students acting as members of the 1530 City Council of Augsburg must balance competing demands for reform from citizens who espouse the religious conservatism of Charles V, while considering the implications of various Reformation positions for the city's military defense, economic growth, and spiritual purity. Students will have to choose whether to align with the Zwingli or the Wittenberg faction, uphold the traditions of the church in Rome, or create a unique approach to religious practices.

Wrestling with the Reformation in Augsburg, 1530

Wrestling with the Reformation in Augsburg, 1530 PDF

Author: Emily Fisher Gray

Publisher: UNC Press Books

Published: 2023-10-24

Total Pages: 99

ISBN-13:

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In 1530, Holy Roman emperor Charles V called an imperial council in Augsburg, hoping to resolve religious dissention in the empire introduced by Martin Luther, whose 95 Theses, criticized the church's practice of offering promises of forgiveness from sins in exchange for money. Luther's allies in the town of Wittenberg presented the emperor with their theological positions. Another faction, aligned with Swiss reformer Ulrich Zwingli, offered more radical reforms. The Roman church responded with a defense of traditional doctrines, but by then, hope of a simple resolution to religious concerns had faded. By the time the council ended, local authorities in Augsburg recognized that its neutral, "middle way" position could not continue. The city would have to choose a side in the ongoing Reformation. In the game, students acting as members of the 1530 City Council of Augsburg must balance competing demands for reform from citizens who espouse the religious conservatism of Charles V, while considering the implications of various Reformation positions for the city's military defense, economic growth, and spiritual purity. Students will have to choose whether to align with the Zwingli or the Wittenberg faction, uphold the traditions of the church in Rome, or create a unique approach to religious practices.

Augsburg During the Reformation Era

Augsburg During the Reformation Era PDF

Author: B. Ann Tlusty

Publisher: Hackett Publishing

Published: 2012-09-15

Total Pages: 350

ISBN-13: 1603849203

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Sixteenth-century Augsburg comes to life in this beautifully chosen and elegantly translated selection of original documents. Ranging across the whole panoply of social activity from the legislative reformation to work, recreation, and family life, these extracts make plain the subtle system of checks and balances, violence, and self-regulation that brought order and vibrancy to a sophisticated city community. Most of all we hear sixteenth-century people speak: in their petitions and complaints, their nervous responses under interrogation, their rage and laughter. Tlusty has done an invaluable service in crafting a collection that should be an indispensable part of the teaching syllabus. --Andrew Pettegree, University of St. Andrews

The Augsburg Confession

The Augsburg Confession PDF

Author: Philipp Melanchthon

Publisher: DigiCat

Published: 2022-05-28

Total Pages: 78

ISBN-13:

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The Augsburg Confession is a book by Philipp Melanchthon. It presents the main confession of faith of the Lutheran Church, being one of the most significant records of the Lutheran Reformation.

Twisted Cross

Twisted Cross PDF

Author: Doris L. Bergen

Publisher: Univ of North Carolina Press

Published: 2000-11-09

Total Pages: 360

ISBN-13: 0807860344

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How did Germany's Christians respond to Nazism? In Twisted Cross, Doris Bergen addresses one important element of this response by focusing on the 600,000 self-described 'German Christians,' who sought to expunge all Jewish elements from the Christian church. In a process that became more daring as Nazi plans for genocide unfolded, this group of Protestant lay people and clergy rejected the Old Testament, ousted people defined as non-Aryans from their congregations, denied the Jewish ancestry of Jesus, and removed Hebrew words like 'Hallelujah' from hymns. Bergen refutes the notion that the German Christians were a marginal group and demonstrates that members occupied key positions within the Protestant church even after their agenda was rejected by the Nazi leadership. Extending her analysis into the postwar period, Bergen shows how the German Christians were relatively easily reincorporated into mainstream church life after 1945. Throughout Twisted Cross, Bergen reveals the important role played by women and by the ideology of spiritual motherhood amid the German Christians' glorification of a 'manly' church.

Reliving the Past

Reliving the Past PDF

Author: Olivier Zunz

Publisher: UNC Press Books

Published: 2014-02-01

Total Pages: 345

ISBN-13: 1469611236

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Five historians uncover the ties between people's daily routines and the all-encompassing framework of their lives. They trace the processes of social construction in Western Europe, the United States, Latin America, Africa, and China, discussing both the historical similarities and the ways in which individual history has shaped each area's development. They stress the need for a social history that connects individuals to major ideological, political, and economic transformations.

Wilhelm II: Emperor and exile, 1900-1941

Wilhelm II: Emperor and exile, 1900-1941 PDF

Author: Lamar Cecil

Publisher: UNC Press Books

Published: 1989

Total Pages: 534

ISBN-13: 9780807822838

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Traces the early years in the life of Wilhelm II, German emperor before the First World War, focusing on his genealogy, education, and service as an officer in the Prussian Army

The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944-1945

The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944-1945 PDF

Author: Alfred C. Mierzejewski

Publisher: UNC Press Books

Published: 2017-10-10

Total Pages: 306

ISBN-13: 146963970X

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In this book Alfred Mierzejewski describes how the German economy collapsed under Allied bombing in the last year of World War II. He presents a broad-based, original study of German wartime industry and transportation, and of Allied air force planning and intelligence, including the first complete analysis in English of the German National Railway. The German industrial economy was extraordinarily dependent on the timely, adequate distribution of coal by railroad and inland waterway. The German National Railway in particular was the pivot of the finely balanced armaments production and distribution system created by Albert Speer. But Allied strategists did not immediately recognize this. Only in late 1944, when Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Sir Arthur Tedder built a new strategic consensus, was this vital coal/transport nexus severed. The result was the rapid paralysis of the Nazi war economy. Mierzejewski measures the economic consequences of the bombing by considering broad indices such as armaments and coal production, railway performance, and weapons deliveries to the armed forces. In addition, he shows how individual companies in each of Germany's major economic regions fared. By drawing on previously unexamined files of private German manufacturing companies, the Reich Transportation Ministry, and Allied air intelligence agencies, Mierzejewski creates a rare combination of economic analysis and military history that provides new perspectives on the German war economy and Allied air intelligence.