Vertebrate Sex Chromosomes

Vertebrate Sex Chromosomes PDF

Author: Nobuo Takagi

Publisher: S. Karger AG (Switzerland)

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 352

ISBN-13: 9783805576376

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During the last two decades of the 20th century, the study of chromosomes was enormously stimulated by the availability of various biological resources, valuable databases and new genetic and molecular biological techniques including PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization. The simultaneous development of new and effective systems for targeting genes and gene transfer led to astonishing advances also in the study of vertebrate sex chromosomes. We now have considerable insight into their evolution, the dosage compensation mechanisms in mammals that involve chromosome-wide chromatin remodeling triggered by noncoding Xist RNA, and the unique properties of the human X chromosome which comprises many genes important for sex determination and reproduction. This thematic issue of Cytogenetic and Genome Research presents an excellent and highly authoritative compilation of current research findings related to vertebrate sex chromosomes. The contributions - all prepared by experts in the field - reflect both the technical advances and the enormous gain in knowledge achieved in recent years. Many of these papers also provide important historical perspectives while some contain insightful personal views of the authors. This special volume therefore represents a stimulating and critical state-of-the-art source of information for investigators and students in this fascinating field.

Genes and Mechanisms in Vertebrate Sex Determination

Genes and Mechanisms in Vertebrate Sex Determination PDF

Author: Gerd Scherer

Publisher: Birkhäuser

Published: 2013-04-17

Total Pages: 210

ISBN-13: 3034877811

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Following an opening chapter by the late Susumu Ohno on paralogues of sex-determining genes, the five best-studied genes essential for early mammalian gonadal development are portrayed in detail: SF-1 and WT1 and their roles in early events in gonadal development, SRY and SOX9 in testis determination, and the anti-testis gene DAX-1. Subsequent chapters look at the roles of these genes in sex determination in marsupial mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, and review the different sex-determining mechanisms, genetic and environmental, that operate in these different vertebrate classes. Two insights emerge: one, that the same basic set of genes appears to operate during early gonadal development in all vertebrates, despite the differences in mechanisms; the other, that sex determination in vertebrates results from a complex network of regulatory interactions and not from a simple hierarchical cascade of gene actions.

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination in Vertebrates

Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination in Vertebrates PDF

Author: Alberto J. Solari

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 1993-10-22

Total Pages: 340

ISBN-13: 9780849345715

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The cloning of the SRY gene and the attainment of XX mice transgenic for the Sry gene opened a new era in research on sex determination. This book surveys current knowledge of sex chromosomes and sex determination in all vertebrate classes, relying on the restriction of genetic recombination in sex chromosomes as the unifying concept of this subject. The book's interdisciplinary approach integrates contributions from the fields of cytogenetics, molecular biology, developmental biology, and evolutionary genetics. A detailed treatment of the meiotic behavior of sex chromosomes is featured, and the entire text is supplemented by numerous schemes, drawings, and electron micrographs. The book will be valuable to general cytogeneticists, vertebrate zoologists, and veterinarian and medical practitioners interested in the foundations of sex determination and the current knowledge of sex chromosomes. It will also interest students in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in these areas.

Sex Determination in Vertebrates

Sex Determination in Vertebrates PDF

Author:

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2019-04-16

Total Pages: 394

ISBN-13: 0128115041

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Sex Determination, Volume 134, the latest release in the Current Topics in Developmental Biology series, contains current reviews in the field of vertebrate sex determination. It covers molecular pathways of sex determination in genetic and environmental species and encompasses both sex determination of somatic lineages and commitment of germ cells to male or female fate. Chapters in this new release cover, amongst other topics, Mapping the Sox9 Enhancer Elements, Epigenetic Regulation of Sex Determination, Evolution and Management of Sex Chromosomes, Regulation of Germ Cell Sex Identity in Medaka, Control of Sex Determination in Zebrafish, Sexually Dimorphic Germ Cell Identity in Mammals, and more. Contains reviews written by leading experts in each field Includes informative figures that illustrate principle points that are useful for teaching Written in a style that is clear and simple

Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes

Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes PDF

Author: Susumu Ohno

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 201

ISBN-13: 3642881785

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Natural selection operates among individual organisms which differ in their genetic constitution. The degree of hereditary variability within a species is greatly enhanced by cross-fertilization. Indeed, the mechanism of sexual reproduction occurred very early in evolution, for it is seen today even in bacteria. In Escherichia coli, fertilization occurs by passage of the single chromosome from the male into the female bacterium (LEDERBERG, 1959). In multicellular organisms, the separation of germ from soma, and the production of haploid gametes became mandatory. The gametes were of two types. One, extremely mobile, was designed to seek out and penetrate the other, which loaded with nutrients, received the mobile gamete and intiated the development of a new individual. The foundation for true bisexuality was thus laid. In the primitive state of bisexuality, whether an individual is to be a sperm-producing male or an egg-producing female appears to be decided rather haphazardly. In the worm, Banelia viridis, the minute males are parasites in the female. Larvae that become attached to the proboscis of an adult female become males, while unattached larvae sink to the bottom and become females (BALTZER, 1935). The more sophisticated state of bisexuality was initiated by setting aside a particular pair of chromosomes for specialization and making either the male or the female a heterogametic sex. Sex chromosomes as we know them were thus born.

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Vertebrates

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Vertebrates PDF

Author: Nicole Valenzuela

Publisher: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 204

ISBN-13:

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Edited by the world's foremost authorities on the subject, with essays by leading scholars in the field, this work shows how the sex of reptiles and many fish is determined not by the chromosomes they inherit but by the temperature at which incubation takes place.

The Evolution of Sex Determination

The Evolution of Sex Determination PDF

Author: Leo W. Beukeboom

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 243

ISBN-13: 0199657149

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Sexual reproduction is a fundamental aspect of life. It is defined by the occurrence of meiosis and the fusion of two gametes of different sexes or mating types. Sex-determination mechanisms are responsible for the sexual fate and development of sexual characteristics in an organism, be it a unicellular alga, a plant, or an animal. In many cases, sex determination is genetic: males and females have different alleles or different genes that specify their sexual morphology. In animals, this is often accompanied by chromosomal differences. In other cases, sex may be determined by environmental (e.g. temperature) or social variables (e.g. the size of an organism relative to other members of its population). Surprisingly, sex-determination mechanisms are not evolutionarily conserved but are bewilderingly diverse and appear to have had rapid turnover rates during evolution. Evolutionary biologists continue to seek a solution to this conundrum. What drives the surprising dynamics of such a fundamental process that always leads to the same outcome: two sex types, male and female? The answer is complex but the ongoing genomic revolution has already greatly increased our knowledge of sex-determination systems and sex chromosomes in recent years. This novel book presents and synthesizes our current understanding, and clearly shows that sex-determination evolution will remain a dynamic field of future research. The Evolution of Sex Determination is an advanced, research level text suitable for graduate students and researchers in genetics, developmental biology, and evolution.