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Published: 2002
Total Pages: 110
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →A notable shift in geopolitics began more than 10 years ago with the collapse of the Soviet Union. From the perspective of the U.S. military, the primary thrust of this shift was to replace a unitary, implacable, and constantly threatening foe-world communism, represented by the Soviet Union, China and their allies-with more nebulous and multifarious threats. Combined with the experience of World War II, this long-enduring face-off contributed to the development of a conquest paradigm in U.S. military doctrine. Despite the experiences in Korea, Vietnam, and other places over the ensuing decades, the majority of doctrine was written to deal specifically with a major theater war (MTW) through the employment of the conquest paradigm.
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Published: 2003
Total Pages: 48
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DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This paper analyzes Effects-Based Operations as the most effective way to frame future joint operations in a complex, uncertain environment. This new complex and uncertain environment is characterized by adversaries who have increasingly more access to weapons of Mass Destruction/Effects and whose actions will likely be very unpredictable, and could directly threaten the American homeland. Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld stated that, "such new, unexpected and dangerous adversaries must be dissuaded, deterred, and defeated without undue cost to American interests abroad or attacks on the U.S. homeland." In a speech presented March 2002, on transformation he stated that what is needed now at the threshold of the 21st Century is a "new way of thinking and a new way of fighting." The Joint Forces Command has adopted and continues to evolve the concept of EBO within a Joint warfighting construct to answer in part to both challenges. This paper determined that EBO shows great promise as a broad organizing approach to future warfare but has significant obstacles to overcome to be successfully integrated into a new Joint warfighting construct. EBO has been unfairly scrutinized due service centric views and rivalries. These service centric views must be overcome to ensure joint procurement of compatible C4ISR systems, the development of effective war gaming or modeling tools, and the requirement for the integration of joint, hard realistic training. EBO should provide the framework for service doctrine to expand ensuring a synergy between elements of national power, capabilities of each service, domains in which each service operates and the process of thinking and conducting future warfare.
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Published: 2007
Total Pages: 7
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DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This article provides background on an effects-based approach and explains the key elements, highlights their application in current joint operations, and discusses their incorporation in joint doctrine, training, and education. In the interest of providing the "bottom line up front," an effects-based approach adds value to traditional joint processes in four areas: (1) improved unified action among military, interagency, multinational, and nongovernmental organizations; (2) an expanded understanding of the operational environment beyond the traditional military battlespace focus; (3) an improved joint planning process that uses effects to clarify the desired endstate conditions in terms of the operational environment; and (4) an enhanced joint assessment process that measures effects attainment rather than just task accomplishment.
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Published: 2007
Total Pages: 7
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DOWNLOAD EBOOK →As the lead agent for the Secretary of Defense for transformation of joint forces to meet these challenges, U.S. Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) supports the joint community by pursuing a number of transformation-related objectives. One objective being discussed by the Secretary of Defense and other senior leaders in the Department of Defense (DOD) is creating capabilities within an overall framework of shared, knowledge empowered, effects-based operations (EBO). Since 2001, the command has focused on testing and refining the concept while seeking the best ways to implement it. This evolution has included Service participation in joint experimentation, discussions with faculty at mid- and senior-level Service and joint schools, observation of effects-related constructs in action at deployed operational headquarters, and engagement with interagency and multinational partners. This article provides background on an effects-based approach and explains the key elements, highlights their application in current joint operations, and discusses their incorporation in joint doctrine, training, and education. In the interest of providing the bottom line up front, an effects-based approach adds value to traditional joint processes in four areas: 1) improved unified action among military, interagency, multinational, and nongovernmental organizations, 2) an expanded understanding of the operational environment beyond the traditional military battlespace focus, 3) an improved joint planning process that uses effects to clarify the desired endstate conditions in terms of the operational environment, and 4) an enhanced joint assessment process that measures effects attainment rather than just task accomplishment.
Author: Colin B. Marcum
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Published: 2014-09-24
Total Pages: 104
ISBN-13: 9781499739473
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →The inherent difficulty in developing and executing military courses of action to achieve the desired end-state comes from the complexities of the operational environment. Each environment contains within it different initial conditions that affect the nature of military operations with relationships that are as complex as they are numerous. This means that a similar course of action executed in a similar manner in one environment may not produce similar effects in another. This occurs due to the nature of those initial conditions, and how they alter the effects produced within that operational environment. The Effects-Based Board (EBB) seeks to provide clarity to an otherwise convoluted system of relationships by supporting the Combatant Command, and their joint staff, with a board of professional military and civilian personnel whose collective knowledge can help shape course of action development. Subject matter experts and liaisons from the Department of Defense, Department of State, national intelligence agencies, intergovernmental/non-governmental organizations, and foreign nations make up the membership of the board, and through their guidance can shape the development and execution of deliberate and crisis action plans. Identifying the initial conditions, determining the effects of their linkages, and creating courses of action that target those links in order to shape them can, in due course, shape the operational environment towards the desired end-state.
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Published: 2004
Total Pages: 21
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DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Adopting an effects-based approach for the conduct of military operations is central to the transformation efforts underway in America's armed forces. The effects-based approach, commonly referred to as Effects-Based Operations (EBO), is imbued with creative, critical thought processes and deliberate methodologies for planning, executing, and assessing operations that are designed to create the specific effects necessary to achieve national security objectives. It exploits lethal and non-lethal applications of force and applies to the full spectrum of missions from humanitarian relief to major combat operations. Moreover, it is applicable at all levels of decision-making; strategic, operational and tactical. EBO allows military planners to avoid attrition and apply force at the right place and time to achieve specific effects. It redirects the focus of every action toward attaining the desired national security outcome rather than on the inputs to a force on force engagement, which is merely one of many alternative solutions. EBO optimally integrates all the elements of national power diplomatic, economic, military, and information in the planning and execution process and is as concerned with the state of the peace following military action as it is with victory itself. The war is not won until the desired political outcomes are achieved.
Author: Major Michael T., Michael Ripley, US Army
Publisher: CreateSpace
Published: 2012-10-01
Total Pages: 58
ISBN-13: 9781480029750
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →The process of targeting the enemy and his elements of power is an essential component of achieving victory in modern warfare. Targeting is an intellectual military discipline that combines rigorous scientific analysis, a deep understanding of weapons effects, and sound operational judgment into a coherent systematic process. The Joint Targeting Process is the critical linkage in translating desired effects into the actions that accomplish objectives and achieve victory. It provides military commanders a methodology to systematically generate and refine a series of options to accomplish objectives and provides solutions to defined problems. The process attempts to evaluate the merits of possible solutions to a problem using an adaptable, effects-based approach to problem solving. The current Joint Targeting Process is highly effective in prosecuting traditional kinetic targets; however, it is questionable whether the process is fully capable of addressing non-lethal, non-kinetic, and indirect means of achieving the commander's desired effects. Current targeting doctrine evolved as an alternative to the notion of attrition warfare and grew with the evolution of technology. In a conventional, linear environment, the Joint Targeting Process optimizes the use of existing capabilities to accomplish military and political objectives. In an irregular, non-linear environment however, the Joint Targeting Process has difficulty identifying targets and matching appropriate capabilities to achieve desired effects. The Joint Targeting Process provides an iterative methodology for identifying and prioritizing enemy centers of gravity and then projecting power against them. This process became an airpower-dominated, destruction-based system that derived from an attrition-based ground warfare doctrine. The process uses an airpower-optimized approach to avoid protracted ground conflicts that result in an attrition-based or exhaustion-based solution to modern conflict. The methodology of the process focuses predominantly on kinetic combat operations against nation states possessing established infrastructure and fielded forces. The Joint Targeting Process is not fully effective in the emerging Joint Operational Environment where operations occur in ungoverned territory against non-state adversaries in an environment characterized by uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity. This monograph undertakes a systematic approach to evaluating the effectiveness of the Joint Targeting Process within the context of the Joint Operational Environment. To address the question of how best to apply targeting to the current operating environment, this monograph examines the genesis of the current joint targeting methodology and discusses how our current joint doctrine developed, the evolution of targeting within traditional linear warfare doctrine, and the current application of military targeting. Additionally, it examines the emerging operational environment, characterizes the relevant operational context of targeting, and discusses how that context has changed since the development of targeting doctrine. This understanding of the evolution of targeting doctrine, coupled with an accurate assessment of how commanders and planners currently apply doctrine, provides observations on the current effectiveness of systematic targeting procedures. Finally, this monograph provides an analysis of joint targeting effectiveness in the Joint Operational Environment and provides recommendations for improving joint targeting doctrine. The last section will conclude this study with a summary of the previous topics discussed and some closing thoughts on future joint targeting.
Author: Peter Paret
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Published: 2018-06-05
Total Pages: 496
ISBN-13: 0691186561
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Originally published in 1976, Clausewitz and the State presents a comprehensive analysis of one of the significant thinkers of modern Europe. Peter Paret combines social and military history and psychological interpretation with a study of Clausewitz's military theories and of his unduly neglected historical and political writing. This timely new edition includes a preface which allows Paret to recount the past thirty years of discussion on Clausewitz and respond to critics. A companion volume to Clausewitz's On War, this book is indispensable to anyone interested in Clausewitz and his theories, and their proper historical context.