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Author: George A. Haas
Publisher:
Published: 1961
Total Pages: 38
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →A survey of the emission characteristics of modern thermionic electron sources is presented. In addition to a discussion of recent advances among the more commonly used emitters such as oxide cathodes, thoriated cathodes, and metal c thodes, a tabulation of the thermionic properties of over one hundred various new matrix and refractory-coated cathodes is given. (Author).
Author: Georg Gaertner
Publisher: Springer Nature
Published: 2020-10-09
Total Pages: 609
ISBN-13: 3030472914
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This book gives an overview of modern cathodes and electron emitters for vacuum tubes and vacuum electron devices in general. It covers the latest developments in field emission theory as well as new methods towards improving thermionic and cold cathodes. It addresses thermionic cathodes, such as oxide cathodes, impregnated and scandate cathodes, as well as photocathodes and field emitters – the latter comprising carbon nanotubes, graphene and Spindt-type emitter arrays. Despite the rise and fall of the once dominant types of vacuum tubes, such as radio valves and cathode ray tubes, cathodes are continually being improved upon as new applications with increased demands arise, for example in electron beam lithography, high-power and high-frequency microwave tubes, terahertz imaging and electron sources for accelerators. Written by 17 experts in the field, the book presents the latest developments in cathodes needed for these applications, discussing the state of the art and addressing future trends.
Author: Ragnar Hellborg
Publisher:
Published: 2019-03-11
Total Pages: 150
ISBN-13: 9781643273587
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Electrostatic accelerators have been at the forefront of modern technology since 1932, when Sir John Cockroft and Ernest Walton developed the first accelerator. Although the electrostatic accelerator field is more than 90 years old, the field and the number of accelerators is growing more rapidly than ever. This book provides an overview of the basic science and technology that underlies the electrostatic accelerator field so it can serve as a reference guide and textbook for accelerator engineers as well as students and researchers who work with electrostatic accelerators.
Author: David B. Williams
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2013-03-09
Total Pages: 708
ISBN-13: 1475725191
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Electron microscopy has revolutionized our understanding the extraordinary intellectual demands required of the mi of materials by completing the processing-structure-prop croscopist in order to do the job properly: crystallography, erties links down to atomistic levels. It now is even possible diffraction, image contrast, inelastic scattering events, and to tailor the microstructure (and meso structure ) of materials spectroscopy. Remember, these used to be fields in them to achieve specific sets of properties; the extraordinary abili selves. Today, one has to understand the fundamentals ties of modem transmission electron microscopy-TEM of all of these areas before one can hope to tackle signifi instruments to provide almost all of the structural, phase, cant problems in materials science. TEM is a technique of and crystallographic data allow us to accomplish this feat. characterizing materials down to the atomic limits. It must Therefore, it is obvious that any curriculum in modem mate be used with care and attention, in many cases involving rials education must include suitable courses in electron mi teams of experts from different venues. The fundamentals croscopy. It is also essential that suitable texts be available are, of course, based in physics, so aspiring materials sci for the preparation of the students and researchers who must entists would be well advised to have prior exposure to, for carry out electron microscopy properly and quantitatively.
Author: Yahachi Saito
Publisher: CRC Press
Published: 2022-01-27
Total Pages: 374
ISBN-13: 1000333795
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Carbon forms a variety of allotropes due to the diverse hybridization of s- and p-electron orbitals, including the time-honored graphite and diamond as well as new forms such as C60 fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne. The new family of carbon isotopes—fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne—is called “nanostructured carbon” or “nanocarbon.” These isotopes exhibit extreme properties such as ultrahigh mechanical strength, ultrahigh charge–carrier mobility, and high thermal conductivity, attracting considerable attention for their electronic and mechanical applications as well as for exploring new physics and chemistry in the field of basic materials science. Electron sources are important in a wide range of areas, from basic physics and scientific instruments to medical and industrial applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene behave as excellent electron-field emitters owing to their exceptional properties and offer several benefits compared to traditional cathodes. Field emission (FE) produces very intense electron currents from a small surface area with a narrow energy spread, providing a highly coherent electron beam—a combination that not only provides us with the brightest electron sources but also explores a new field of electron beam–related research. This book presents the enthusiastic research and development of CNT-based FE devices and focuses on the fundamental aspects of FE from nanocarbon materials, including CNTs and graphene, and the latest research findings related to it. It discusses applications of FE to X-ray and UV generation and reviews electron sources in vacuum electronic devices and space thrusters. Finally, it reports on the new forms of carbon produced via FE from CNT.
Author: David B. Williams
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2009-08-05
Total Pages: 804
ISBN-13: 038776500X
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This groundbreaking text has been established as the market leader throughout the world. Profusely illustrated, the book provides the necessary instructions for successful hands-on application of this versatile materials characterization technique.
Author: Jon Orloff
Publisher: CRC Press
Published: 2017-12-19
Total Pages: 888
ISBN-13: 1351835777
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →With the growing proliferation of nanotechnologies, powerful imaging technologies are being developed to operate at the sub-nanometer scale. The newest edition of a bestseller, the Handbook of Charged Particle Optics, Second Edition provides essential background information for the design and operation of high resolution focused probe instruments. The book’s unique approach covers both the theoretical and practical knowledge of high resolution probe forming instruments. The second edition features new chapters on aberration correction and applications of gas phase field ionization sources. With the inclusion of additional references to past and present work in the field, this second edition offers perfectly calibrated coverage of the field’s cutting-edge technologies with added insight into how they work. Written by the leading research scientists, the second edition of the Handbook of Charged Particle Optics is a complete guide to understanding, designing, and using high resolution probe instrumentation.
Author: Ludwig Reimer
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2013-11-11
Total Pages: 538
ISBN-13: 3540389679
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Scanning Electron Microscopy provides a description of the physics of electron-probe formation and of electron-specimen interactions. The different imaging and analytical modes using secondary and backscattered electrons, electron-beam-induced currents, X-ray and Auger electrons, electron channelling effects, and cathodoluminescence are discussed to evaluate specific contrasts and to obtain quantitative information.
Author: Richard G. Carter
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2018-04-12
Total Pages: 843
ISBN-13: 0521198623
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Get up-to-speed on the theory, principles and design of vacuum electron devices.
Author: Edward J. Carpenter
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2013-10-22
Total Pages: 919
ISBN-13: 1483288293
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Nitrogen in the Marine Environment provides information pertinent to the many aspects of the nitrogen cycle. This book presents the advances in ocean productivity research, with emphasis on the role of microbes in nitrogen transformations with excursions to higher trophic levels. Organized into 24 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the abundance and distribution of the various forms of nitrogen in a number of estuaries. This text then provides a comparison of the nitrogen cycling of various ecosystems within the marine environment. Other chapters consider chemical distributions and methodology as an aid to those entering the field. This book discusses as well the enzymology of the initial steps of inorganic nitrogen assimilation. The final chapter deals with the philosophy and application of modeling as an investigative method in basic research on nitrogen dynamics in coastal and open-ocean marine environments. This book is a valuable resource for plant biochemists, microbiologists, aquatic ecologists, and bacteriologists.
