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The usage and integration of German loanwords in British and American English. How are different spelling norms applied?

Author:

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2020-01-13

Total Pages: 24

ISBN-13: 3346095053

Seminar paper from the year 2019 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,7, University of Bonn, language: English, abstract: The English language has a rich vocabulary with around 600.000 entries in the Oxford English Dictionary and is nowadays spoken in countries all over the world. Therefore, many languages have borrowed words from the English language and adopted them into their language. So did the German language accept anglicism in many aspects of everyday life and borrowed terms like baby or steak which are now fully adapted and a part of the German language. However, there is also Germanism in the English language, or better said original German words appearing in the British and American English language today, called loanwords. When confronting people with the term “German loanword” they normally only come up with a few examples like Aberglaube or Bratwurst. But how frequent are they actually used in British English (BrE) and American English (AmE) and how are different spelling norms applied? Loanwords might have gone through a process of different spelling variations during time. Nonetheless, this study will only focus on synchronic spelling differences in British and American English. The original German spelling will also be compared with the English one. It is a corpus-based study and the aim is to clarify the usage and integration of german loanwords in the British and American English language today. As there exist many german loanwords, after all, this study only takes a few loanwords into consideration. There are a lot of different semantic fields of borrowing, for instance, science, food, education et cetera. For my research I have selected a variation out of the following three categories: Food, Society and Music. This paper is structured as the following. Firstly, the term loanword is being defined as well as previous studies regarding spelling modifications are given and the chosen loanwords are presented. Chapter three gives inside in the work with the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) and mentions limitations of the research design. The following chapter four presents a clear overview of synchronic spelling differences for the chosen loanwords, which are then discussed regarding previous studies in chapter five. Finally, the last chapter summaries the findings of the paper while also adding some suggestions for future research.

German Loanwords in English. An Assessment of Germanisms Such As "Sauerkraut, Pretzel and Strudel"

Author: Julia Graßmann

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2016-05-02

Total Pages: 21

ISBN-13: 3668208379

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Seminar paper from the year 2015 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, University of Rostock (Institut für Anglistik/Amerikanistik), language: English, abstract: English is a language which contains many words borrowed from languages all over the world – German counted among them. When thinking of German borrowings in English, one might come up with a few obvious ones, as for example sauerkraut, wanderlust and rucksack or terminology from the Second World War, like blitzkrieg. This essay sets out to show in which fields and to which time the German language particularly contributed to the diversity of the English lexis. Furthermore, it examines how German words became integrated into the English language and thus became Germanisms. Especially, I am looking at American English and show that many Germanisms had been adopted into American English due to cultural contact with German immigrants in the United States in the 19th century. To achieve this, I have structured my paper into two main chapters, each with two sub-sections. In the chapter on ‘Lexical Borrowing’ I provide an overview of important terminology, serving as a framework for my further investigations. Additionally, I show why languages tend to borrow concepts from others. In the chapter on ‘Germanisms’, I have an explicit look at German words which were borrowed into English, particularly into American English, while analysing newspaper articles from The New York Times. The conclusion contains a summary and an evaluation of the inspected Germanisms.

The Pronounciation of German Loanwords in English. An Analysis of Phonological Differences

Author: Stefanie Dietzel

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2016-07-12

Total Pages: 17

ISBN-13: 3668258333

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Seminar paper from the year 2007 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2, University of Marburg (Fremdsprachliche Philologien), course: Contrastive Linguistics, language: English, abstract: This paper will present the most frequently used German loan words in English and focus on their pronunciation. First, a list of items will represent my data collection via the Oxford English Dictionary. It will refer to the study of the etymology of the words. After that, the paper will show the results of the recording of native speakers of English. Then the words will be analysed with respect to phonetic realization. Finally, I will emphasise the main differences between English and German phonology. “English does not have many German loanwords – at least not many of common use – but those it does have are a rather more mixed bunch than such stereotypic lists might imply.” (Stubbs 1998:19) With his statement, Stubbs refers to those linguists who claim that the small number of German loanwords in English only originate from specific historical contexts. In his paper, he wants to revise this belief and show that also more general terms are adapted from German to English.

English Loanwords in Polish and German After 1945

Author: Kinga Nettmann-Multanowska

Publisher: Peter Lang Publishing

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13:

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An morphological and orthographic analysis of post-1945 English loanwords cropping up in both Polish and German in order to trace analogies and dissimilarities in loanword treatment.

English in the German-speaking World

Author: Raymond Hickey

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2019-12-05

Total Pages: 437

ISBN-13: 1108488099

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A collection of studies on the role of English in German-speaking countries, covering a broad range of topics.

Germanisms in American Speech

Author: Karolin Büttner

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2008-09-19

Total Pages: 26

ISBN-13: 3640171292

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Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject American Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,0, University of Cologne, course: Differences in American and British English, language: English, abstract: In past years, many studies have been published concerning the influence of English, especially of American English, on the German language. Many people complain about the hotchpotch of English and German used by present-day youths. They blame the media for the destruction of the German language. This even led to the founding of an association, der Verein Deutsche Sprache, to protect the German language. However, few people seem to be aware that German has made a sizeable contribution to the American English vocabulary too, even though this is not as large as the contribution of English to the German language. As will be shown in this paper, words denoting foods, drinks, amusements, skiing activities, German inventions and parts of the education system were borrowed by the native population. Borrowing from German started with the early colonial settlers in the 17th century, settling in Pennsylvania and evolving the Pennsylvanian German which is not of interest in this paper as it is completely different from the usage of German words of an average American, and has continued to the present time. This paper deals with Germanisms in American speech and is intended to give an overview of the concept of borrowing. Firstly, the processes of borrowing with its examples of distant and intimate borrowing are traced. Stanforth’s monograph Deutsche Einflüsse auf den englischen Wortschatz in Geschichte und Gegenwart serves as the basis. Afterwards, in accordance to Haugen, his categorisation of the loan material into importation, substitution, partial-substitution and their subdivisions loan words, loan meanings, loan coinages, loan blends and loan compounds are represented with examples. The following paragraphs elaborate on the naturalization of the loan material. It is shown that the typographic representation of words, the orthography, the pronunciation and the grammar can give information on the state of naturalization. Furthermore, the loan material can change its part of speech or meaning after having been borrowed. In the fourth main paragraph the reasons for the large amount of Germanisms, such as the lack of American English equivalents or the striving for profit and prestige, are explained in detail. [...]

The German Spelling Reform

Author: Laura Smith

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2015-05-07

Total Pages: 9

ISBN-13: 3656956650

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Essay from the year 2012 in the subject German Studies - Linguistics, University of Birmingham, course: BA Modern Languages, language: English, abstract: The German spelling reform, implemented in 1996, was meant to improve certain aspects of the German language in order to make the rules clearer and the language as a whole easier to learn. However, the agreement also wanted to minimise complication for native speakers who were used to the original rules. Already the 20th century had seen several attempts to adjust German orthography; therefore it was obviously a significant problem. The original orthographic rules were unclear and subject to much variation. In spite of this necessity, were the changes themselves worth the subsequent trouble? Firstly, the scharfes s {ß} character’s usage was minimized: it now appears only after a long vowel or diphthong. Secondly, the reform aimed to clarify the rules regarding the capitalisation of nouns, which is a feature unique to German. They were suggestions of abolition, but at the fear of significant opposition “...reformers were obliged to opt for the less controversial strategy of harmonising the existing rules...” (2005: 67). Thirdly the former tendency to omit a consonant where a compound word would result in a triple consonant was rejected in favour of writing out all three subsequent consonants: Schiffahrt became Schifffahrt. Fourthly, the spelling of certain compound verb phrases has been altered. Phrases consisting of a verb and a) another verb, b) a noun, c) an adjective or d) an adverb which can stand alone as an adjective. Kennenzulernen is now the form of the original kennen zu lernen, for example.

Globalization and the Future of German

Author: Andreas Gardt

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter

Published: 2008-08-22

Total Pages: 389

ISBN-13: 3110197294

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Is the world en route to becoming a linguistic colony of the United States? Or is this dramatic view an exaggeration, and there is no danger to linguistic diversity at all? The German language is at the center of an intensive debate on this issue. Its position in the world is under increasing pressure due to the growing importance of (American) English as the language of globalization. The articles in this volume deal with the national and international position of German in relation to English, language policies, the future of German as a language of science, German in the USA, and the intellectual and aesthetic dimensions of encountering a foreign language. They present critical assessments addressing the dangers for the future of languages other than English, as well as positions which perceive the growing importance of English as a challenge and resource rather than as a threat.

The Phonology of English Loanwords in German

Author: Laura Jax

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 77

ISBN-13: 3656139245

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Diplomarbeit aus dem Jahr 2011 im Fachbereich Didaktik - Englisch - Pädagogik, Sprachwissenschaft, Note: 1,0, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (Institut für Englische Sprachwissenschaft), Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Can you think of an English loanword in German that originally contains the sounds /ð/ or /θ/? No? One might now spiteful say: luckily not! Jumping on the cliché that Germans are not able to pronounce the th-sounds properly, this saves us a lot of acoustic mishaps. Yet, meanwhile there do exist a few loanwords containing the apico- dental fricatives /ð/ or /θ/, as for example smoothie /'smuːði/ or thriller /'θrɪlə/. Still their proportion out of the total amount of English loans in German is vanishingly small. Bringing it to linguistic terms, these phonemes exclusively belong to the English phoneme inventory and do not constitute part of the German language system. Therefore the research question of this thesis is: Do phonological features influence the borrowing of a foreign word? There are a lot of reasons for the adaptation of loanwords and many works in linguistics deal with them in great detail (cf. for example Holland 2007: 49ff; Fischer 2008: 1ff). Speakers borrow words from other languages to fill gaps in their own lexical inventory. The reasons for such lexical gaps vary greatly: cultural innovation may introduce objects or actions that do not have a name in the native language; native words may be perceived as non-prestigious; names of foreign cities, institutions, and political figures which were once unknown may have entered the public eye; new words may be introduced for play, etc. (Calabrese and Wetzels 2009b: 1) Most discussions about the factors that influence the occurrence of a loanword go back to syntactic, lexical, semantic or social circumstances (cf. Fischer 2008: 1f). Having browsed many books about English loanwords, only few of them explicitly mentioned phonological features when talking about parameters determining the appearanc

German Loanwords in English

Author: Franco Tondi

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 112

ISBN-13: 9788825500899

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