The Non-Representation of the Agricultural Labourers in 18th and 19th Century English Paintings

The Non-Representation of the Agricultural Labourers in 18th and 19th Century English Paintings PDF

Author: Penelope McElwee

Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Published: 2016-02-08

Total Pages: 213

ISBN-13: 1443888745

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The life of the poor rural worker appears to have been one of unmitigated toil within an unequal society, a reality seldom endorsed in paintings of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The contemporary viewer, who constituted less than three per cent of the population, wished to see visions of the idyllic golden landscapes of Merrie England peopled by happy contented workers, or, alternatively, images of the Big House, a feature and phenomenon now marching over the countryside, fed by a new building frenzy. This particular element would soon evolve into an all-consuming preoccupation for the wealthy throughout the period. Members of the upper echelons of society, with their families all attired in fine silks and satins, look out at their audience from ornately framed canvases as individuals. Yet the rural poor, the rabble at the gates, the unseen workforce, who toiled at the behest of the Master, are virtually unknown. They have left few records. Enclosure came at a price. The Poorhouse beckoned. And still the agricultural labourer did virtually nothing, for most of the eighteenth century, to protest or rebel against the inequalities of his downtrodden existence. Only the dreaded behemoth of the nineteenth century, the threshing machine, would stir him into action. How would it end?

Consumption and Advertising in Eastern Europe and Russia in the Twentieth Century

Consumption and Advertising in Eastern Europe and Russia in the Twentieth Century PDF

Author: Magdalena Eriksroed-Burger

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2023-02-27

Total Pages: 312

ISBN-13: 303120204X

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

This book explores Eastern European consumer cultures in the twentieth century, taking a comparative perspective and conceptualizing the peculiarities of consumption in the region. Contributions cover lifestyles and marketing strategies in imperial contexts in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; urban consumer cultures in the Interwar Period; and consumer and advertising cultures in the Soviet Union and its satellite republics. It traces the development of marketing throughout the century, and the changes in society brought about by democratization and the 'Americanization' of consumption. Taken together, the essays gathered here make a valuable contribution to our understanding of consumption and advertising in the region.

Living with the Land

Living with the Land PDF

Author: Liesbeth van de Grift

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2022-11-07

Total Pages: 372

ISBN-13: 3110678624

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

For a long time agriculture and rural life were dismissed by many contemporaries as irrelevant or old-fashioned. Contrasted with cities as centers of intellectual debate and political decision-making, the countryside seemed to be becoming increasingly irrelevant. Today, politicians in many European countries are starting to understand that the neglect of the countryside has created grave problems. Similarly, historians are remembering that European history in the twentieth century was strongly influenced by problems connected to the production of food, access to natural resources, land rights, and the political representation and activism of rural populations. Hence, the handbook offers an overview of historical knowledge on a variety of topics related to the land. It does so through a distinctly activity-centric and genuinely European perspective. Rather than comparing different national approaches to living with the land, the different chapters focus on particular activities – from measuring to settling the land, from producing and selling food to improving agronomic knowledge, from organizing rural life to challenging political structures in the countryside. Furthermore, the handbook overcomes the traditional division between East and West, North and South, by embracing a transregional approach that allows readers to gain an understanding of similarities and differences across national and ideological borders in twentieth-century Europe.

Export of objects of cultural interest 2009/10

Export of objects of cultural interest 2009/10 PDF

Author: Reviewing Committee on the Export of Works of Art and Objects of Cultural Interest

Publisher: The Stationery Office

Published: 2010-12-16

Total Pages: 52

ISBN-13: 9780102969276

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The UK's export controls of objects of cultural interest are aimed to strike a balance between the need to protect the heritage, the rights of owners and the encouragement of a thriving art market. This is the sixth annual report on the operation of export controls on objects of cultural interest which covers the period 1 May 2009 to 30 April 2010. As well as the Reviewing Committee report, it includes descriptions of 22 individual export cases that were referred to the Committee by expert advisors.

The politics of hunger

The politics of hunger PDF

Author: Carl J. Griffin

Publisher: Manchester University Press

Published: 2020-02-18

Total Pages: 350

ISBN-13: 1526145618

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The 1840s witnessed widespread hunger and malnutrition at home and mass starvation in Ireland. And yet the aptly named ‘Hungry 40s’ came amidst claims that, notwithstanding Malthusian prophecies, absolute biological want had been eliminated in England. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were supposedly the period in which the threat of famine lifted for the peoples of England. But hunger remained, in the words of Marx, an ‘unremitted pressure’. The politics of hunger offers the first systematic analysis of the ways in which hunger continued to be experienced and feared, both as a lived and constant spectral presence. It also examines how hunger was increasingly used as a disciplining device in new modes of governing the population. Drawing upon a rich archive, this innovative and conceptually-sophisticated study throws new light on how hunger persisted as a political and biological force.

Clothing and Landscape in Victorian England

Clothing and Landscape in Victorian England PDF

Author: Rachel Worth

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2018-01-30

Total Pages: 224

ISBN-13: 1786733455

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

In the context of this rapidly changing world, Rachel Worth explores the ways in which the clothing of the rural working classes was represented visually in paintings and photographs and by the literary sources of documentary, autobiography and fiction, as well as by the particular pattern of survival and collection by museums of garments of rural provenance. Rachel Worth explores ways in which clothing and how it is represented throws light on wider social and cultural aspects of society, as well as how 'traditional' styles of dress, like men's smock-frocks or women's sun-bonnets, came to be replaced by 'fashion'. Her compelling study, with black & white and colour illustrations, both adds a broader dimension to the history of dress by considering it within the social and cultural context of its time and discusses how clothing enriches our understanding of the social history of the Victorian period.

The British in France

The British in France PDF

Author: Peter Thorold

Publisher: A&C Black

Published: 2008-12-10

Total Pages: 292

ISBN-13: 1847252346

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

Countless British visit France each year and over 100,000 live there permanently, successors to generations of their countrymen. This book, starting with the brief and poignant Peace of Amiens, 1801-1803, studies who they were - ranging from businessmen and artisans to rentiers, invalids and tourists - where they went and the reasons why. While some went for fun, to Paris 'where the social arts are carried to perfection' or to Monte Carlo, Biarritz or Deauville, the invalids favoured the Pyrenees or Savoy, making Pau the 'ville anglaise'. Bordeaux was an example of another town where the British attained great influence because of the wine trade. Many also settled in France to save money. The Channel Coast becoming popular with those who fled creditors or disgrace at home (Beau Brummell and Oscar Wilde are examples of this group). Food, architecture and the arts more generally attracted many, as did the climate of the Riviera. The revolutions in travel brought about by railways, motoring and aircraft provide a constant theme. Another very important aspect covered is the relationship, both in general and personal terms, between the French and the British. How, for instance, the local British stimulated a passion for sport in France. A variety of sources including British and French books, letters, journals and periodicals, supply background, as do Foreign Office archives particularly in times of crisis such as 1848, 1870 and 1940.