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The non-industrial palm oil sector in Cameroon

Author: Raymond Ndip Nkongho

Publisher: CIFOR

Published: 2014-07-15

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13:

Oil palm (Elæis guineensis Jacq.) is not new to Cameroon, since it is indigenous to the countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea. People in the rainforest region of Cameroon used to harvest fresh fruit bunches (FFB) from the wild dura variety to produce palm oil and kernel oil, and fell and tap old stands of both dura and pisifera varieties to produce palm wine, which is a much cherished liquor. The hybrid tenera oil palm variety produces the highest yield -up to eight times more- compared to other vegetable oil crops like soybean, sunflower or rapeseed (Mathew et al. 2007; Feintrenie and Rafflegeau 2012; Jacquemard 2012).

How a Sustainable Palm Oil Industry Can Accompany Cameroon in Attaining Its Vision 2035

Author: Walter Ajambang Nchu

Publisher: Independently Published

Published: 2018-09-22

Total Pages: 74

ISBN-13: 9781723925856

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The issues raised in this book are related to socio economic development, and not only development per se but sustainable development. Income and revenue are generated and not expected to fall from the sky. Income is obtained if there is production of goods and services in the economy. A country is less developed, emerging or developed based on socio economic criteria, whose foundation can be traced to the production of goods and services or business. It would be very strategic for any country to capitalise on its comparative advantages in order to have a place in the provision of goods and services in the world market. Today, Africa cannot compete with China or other Asian nations in the domain of electronics and ICT for example.There are no production industriues for computers, cell phones and other minor electrical appliances in Africa. Therefore Africa is doomed to import all of these as of now. However, Africa has a comparative advantage on some of the major agricultural products that can enable it push export revenue and reverse balance deficit. For example, Cameroon can reverse its balance deficit in 10 years time by stopping palm oil imports. This may even take a shorter time (2 years) if Cameroon exports part of its projected production as outlined in this book. The cultivation of oil palm is dependent on many natural resources, human resources and ecological processes that interlink them. Oil palm cultivation necessitates good soils, appropriate climatic conditions, water resources and manpower, and since few trees are planted per hectare (143/ha), companies need vast expanses of land. The use of vast areas of land for the cultivation of oil palm should not lead to the destruction of ecological niches and human settlement. This is the new strategy for sustainable oil palm plantation establishments. This book describes the development of an economic cluster in Cameroon consequence of a knock-on-effect sparked off by the establishment of a hypothetical figure of 1 million hectares of oil palm plantation. It describes the socio economic advantages that come with such development. It also gives some light on how the crop can be grown sustainably and ways to mitigate conflicts in the sector.

Sustainable development of the palm oil sector in the Congo Basin

Author: Ordway, E.M.

Publisher: CIFOR

Published: 2019-05-09

Total Pages: 8

ISBN-13:

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The Congo Basin is rich in biodiversity and stores an estimated 25%-30% of the world’s tropical forest carbon stocks. As agricultural land becomes increasingly scarce in Southeast Asia, and regulatory pressures continue to intensify, the Congo Basin could become the next frontier for oil palm expansion. Most of the roughly 280 million hectares (Mha) of additional land suitable for oil palm in the Congo Basin are found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (60%), Cameroon (11%) and the Republic of Congo (10%). Many heavily forested countries in the Congo Basin are setting national targets to increase production to meet national and regional demands. Land area allocated to oil palm increased by 40% in the Congo Basin and five additional top-producing countries in Africa between 1990 and 2017. Without intervention, future production increases in the region will likely come from expansion rather than intensification due to low crop and processing yields, possibly at the expense of forest. Sustainability strategies initiated by companies and aimed at certifying palm oil mills are unlikely to be effective at curbing deforestation in the Congo Basin. Smallholder farmers are an engine of growth in the region’s palm oil sector, and recent evidence suggests they are actively clearing forest to expand. Because of the proliferation of non-industrial processing facilities (artisanal mills), a substantial fraction of the palm oil produced by smallholders never passes through a company’s jurisdiction. Smallholders are also disadvantaged by power imbalances and limited access to technical and financial resources. Including smallholders in sustainability strategies offers opportunities to achieve multisectoral goals. Recommendations to improve the sustainability of the palm oil sector in the Congo Basin include (1) improving access to finance for smallholders and non-industrial mill managers; (2) implementing policies to safeguard natural resources and facilitate access to appropriate market opportunities that offer incentives to prevent future deforestation; (3) intensifying production by replanting aging plantations, rehabilitating abandoned plantations with disease-resistant and high-yielding varieties, and increasing fertilization, without further expansion into high conservation value or high carbon stock forest areas; and (4) improving processing capacity and extraction rates by upgrading mill technologies. Sustainable palm oil development in the Congo Basin will require careful consideration of the governance, institutional, environmental and socioeconomic factors that underpin the complex regional supply chains.

Sustainable Palm Oil Production project synthesis

Author: Bessou, C.

Publisher: CIFOR

Published: 2017-01-25

Total Pages: 12

ISBN-13:

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Key messages Several sustainability certification schemes have been developed for palm oil; however, the field impacts of these schemes remain highly uncertain. The Sustainable Palm Oil Production (SPOP) project, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR), was aimed at consolidating and deepening the scientific basis of these schemes.SPOP field work undertaken in Indonesia and Cameroon highlighted the large variability in practices and impacts of oil palm systems. Our main results related to the uncovering of the multiplicity of growers and their trajectories, and identifying room for improvement and the need for recommendations adapted to the various grower contexts and strategies.The SPOP project made it explicit that visions of sustainability and global challenges vary greatly among growers and other stakeholders involved in the palm oil sector. These diverging conceptions are most likely to induce bottlenecks in the definition and implementation of good practices and should be accounted for in the refinement of sustainability criteria.Within the SPOP project, we investigated possible futures for oil palm using participatory prospective analyses and multi-agent-based modeling work. Our research work showed that capacity development and the organizational capacity of smallholders, fair partnerships and combined forms of governance are key drivers in ensuring the uptake of good practices and sustainable development at the landscape scale.

Artisanal Milling of Palm Oil in Cameroon

Author: Yvonne K. Nchanji

Publisher: CIFOR

Published:

Total Pages: 33

ISBN-13:

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This study was carried out in three major palm-oil producing areas in Cameroon with the aim of investigating the artisanal milling and commercialization of red palm oil. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were administered; focus group discussions and participatory observation were applied to obtain required information. Those involved were identified and the service providers ranged from mill owners or managers to smallholders and intermediaries, some of which were involved in two or three of the services. All told, 83% of those involved were men, and the women represented 17% of the service providers. Six different types of processing equipment were identified in the production areas and it was revealed that semi-automated press and combined motorized hydraulic digester and press system (digester screw press) were the most efficient. After harvesting of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs), the major operations were: chopping or cutting, stripping, selecting and sieving, loading to drums for boiling, off-loading to the digester or press for crushing and/or pressing, and clarifying of palm oil. Family labor, hired labor or both, contributed greatly to the success of the milling operations. Family labor was not paid, but motivations were given to family members, while hired labor was paid per activity. The average cost of labor per ton of FFB in the study area was 8,812 FCFA for both peak and low seasons. The average net return in the processing and marketing of 1 ton of FFB was 32,207 FCFA in peak season and 46,556 FCFA in low season. This income-generating activity was ranked as the first main source of income in the study area and has valuable contributions in household livelihood. The production of palm kernel oil and local soap was also recorded in the area, but this was mainly for home use and not for sale. Poor accessibility and unstable prices were the main constraints in the production process. While the men were dominant in processing, women were dominant in the commercialization of RPO. Artisanal palm-oil milling is a lucrative business in the area and will go a long way to alleviate poverty if the smallholders could come together and form a dynamic scheme.

Palms of controversies

Author: Alain Rival

Publisher: CIFOR

Published: 2014-07-17

Total Pages: 68

ISBN-13: 6021504410

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The rapid development of oil palm cultivation feeds many social issues such as biodiversity, deforestation, food habits or ethical investments. How can this palm be viewed as a miracle plant by both the agro-food industry in the North and farmers in the tropical zone, but a serious ecological threat by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) campaigning for the environment or rights of local indigenous peoples? In the present book the authors – a biologist and an agricultural economist- describe a global and complex tropical sector, for which the interests of the many different stakeholders are often antagonistic. Oil palm has become emblematic of recent changes in North-South relationship in agricultural development. Indeed, palm oil is produced and consumed in the South; its trade is driven by emerging countries, although the major part of its transformations is made in the North that still hosts the largest multinational agro industries. It is also in the North that the sector is challenged on ethical and environmental issues. Public controversy over palm oil is often opinionated and it is fed by definitive and sometimes exaggerated statements. Researchers are conveying a more nuanced speech, which is supported by scientific data and a shared field experience. Their work helps in building a more balanced view, moving attention to the South, the region of exclusive production and major consumption of palm oil.

Traditional Palm Oil Processing

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1983

Total Pages: 66

ISBN-13:

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Research report on traditional food processing of palm oil by rural women, and experiences with choice of technology in Cameroon, Cote d' Ivoire and Sierra Leone - looks at trends and obstacles; discusses an oil press pilot project, as well as prospects for the economic role of women in improved palm-oil processing small scale industries; includes guidelines on the introduction, development and dissemination of new technologies. References.

Managing oil palm landscapes

Author: Lesley Potter

Publisher: CIFOR

Published: 2015-05-26

Total Pages: 154

ISBN-13: 6021504925

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This study comprises a review of oil palm development and management across landscapes in the tropics. Seven countries have been selected for detailed analysis using surveys of the current literature, mainly spanning the last fifteen years. Indonesia and Malaysia are the obvious leaders in terms of area planted and levels of production and export, but also in literature generated on social and environmental challenges. In Latin America, Colombia is the dominant producer with oil palm expanding in disparate landscapes with a strong focus on palm oil-based biodiesel; and small-scale growers and companies in Peru and Brazil offer contrasting ways of inserting oil palm into the Amazon. Nigeria and Cameroon represent African nations with traditional groves and old plantations in which foreign land grabs to establish new oil palm have recently occurred.

Governing the Palm Oil Industry

Author: Patrick O'Reilly

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2024-08-23

Total Pages: 291

ISBN-13: 1040119034

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This book examines how different countries across Southeast Asia and Latin America respond to the emergence and expansion of the lucrative, yet controversial palm oil industry, paying attention to how national policy and governance regimes are shaping this global industry. With its historic roots in Southeast Asia, oil palm cultivation continues to expand beyond its historical centres. In Latin America, many countries are now developing their own policies to promote and govern oil palm cultivation. This book provides a unique examination of how different countries strive to strike a balance between developmental and environmental concerns, through case studies on Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, Honduras, and Mexico, and an outlook for the industry's prospects in Africa. This book applies an assemblage approach to draw out lessons on the global challenges posed by the industry and how differing national governance regimes and communities might respond to them. Rather than a single global industry, the book unveils a complex arrangement of national and even local palm oil assemblages, indicating that there is more than one way to do palm oil. In doing so, the book contributes to a better understanding of the drivers and processes that shape the governance of the industry, both in different nations and globally. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of the palm oil industry, as well as those interested in natural resource governance, sustainable agriculture, conservation, environmental justice, and environmental and development policy more broadly.

Geospatial Technology for Sustainable Oil Palm Industry

Author: Kasturi Kanniah

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2024-05-15

Total Pages: 301

ISBN-13: 0429578407

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Oil palm cultivation is a significant contributor to the global agricultural industry, providing valuable resources for various products. While it has faced challenges, including concerns about deforestation and environmental degradation, it is crucial to understand the geographical distribution of oil palms to ensure responsible and sustainable management. This book introduces the application of geospatial technology to the palm oil industry, demonstrating how these tools can address key issues while promoting responsible practices. The topics discussed in the book aim to tackle challenges such as illegal deforestation and the monitoring of environmental impacts associated with oil palm cultivation. Key Features: The first book to explore the use of remote sensing and geospatial technologies for mapping and monitoring oil palm plantations Introduces cutting-edge techniques from the fourth industrial revolution, including the use of the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence, big data and analytics, block chain and 5G technology for effective oil palm tree monitoring Addresses current environmental concerns affecting the industry, including issues like floods, changes in precipitation, temperature, humidity, and El Niño events Explores the scientific aspects of promoting sustainability in oil palm developments and the responsible conversion of rainforests into oil palm plantations Provides a wealth of application data for early detection and continuous monitoring of environmental challenges. This book serves as an insightful resource for those interested in geospatial technologies and their positive impact on monitoring and mitigating environmental changes in the context of the palm oil industry.