The Great Wall of Africa: the Empire of Benin's 10,000 Mile Long Wall

The Great Wall of Africa: the Empire of Benin's 10,000 Mile Long Wall PDF

Author: Maurice Martinez

Publisher:

Published: 2020-03-10

Total Pages: 135

ISBN-13:

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Nestled in the southern section of modern-day Nigeria are the remnants of a civilization so vast that one of its crowning achievements has never been matched by any civilization that has ever existed on the planet--including all modern societies. Archeologically known as the Ancient Linear Earthworks of Benin and Ishan, the Great Wall of Africa, also known as the Great Wall of Benin is almost 10,000 miles long and at some points reaches more than 60 feet in height. Even though it holds a place in the 1982 Guinness Book of World Records as the most massive structure that has ever been constructed, almost no one outside of a select few archeologists and specialists has heard of its enormous breadth. This book attempts to change that forever.The Great Wall of Africa or Great Wall of Benin actually consists of a series of linear earthworks, many of them circular, some straight, some which stand on their own, and others that interconnect across a large area of Southern Nigeria. The Great Wall of Africa, like the Great Wall of China, is not a single wall, but a series of separate walls. Until the writing of this book, and another that I authored called: From Man To Superman: Dr. John Henrik Clarke vs. Herman Cain, the Great Wall of Africa, which stretches 9,941 miles long, was known popularly among African scholars as the Walls of Benin. However, as I shall show, like the Great Wall of China, they were created by a single civilization, and therefore, constitute one major wall system. Surprisingly, Benin is an area that cultural anthropologists, known as ethnographers have taken time to study and have written about extensively. However, as Dr. Ivan Van Sertima pointed out in one of his lectures, one of the great flaws of scholarship on Africa is that: "Anthropology has for a long time had a love affair with the primitive... man living on the edge of the world... The Great Wall of Africa consists of the Great Walls of Benin which are called Iya by the Beni people. To understand the enormity of The Great Wall of Africa, one must consider the magnitude of earth displaced to construct it. The Great Wall of Benin contains more than 100 times the material of the Great Pyramid of Egypt (Pharaoh Khufu's Pyramid). This is no minor feat because the Great Pyramid is a massive structure, containing more stone than 30 Empire State buildings. In all, more than 9.1 billion cubic feet of earth was used to build the Great Wall of Benin over an 800-year time period. The average height of each wall is 3 meters or just under 10 feet high, however, some of the Iya tower almost 60 feet in height (18 meters). The Iya cover more than 2,500 square miles of land area. This massive effort took more than 150 million man-hours to construct. Simply put, if all of the material was taken from all of the buildings on New York City's borough of Manhattan, there would not be enough substance to build the Great Wall of Africa. The Great Wall of Africa contains more material than all of the financial district's buildings, all of midtown Manhattan's buildings and all of uptown Manhattan's buildings (Harlem) combined.The ancient Bini and Ishan people, the people of the Benin Empire, who built their wall, had no bulldozers, cranes or other equipment from the Caterpillar Corporation. They had no backhoe loaders, articulated trucks, or asphalt pavers... What they had was in many ways more impressive than all of these things. They were standing on the history of a continent that built 4,500 year-old pyramids that were 48 stories high, smelted carbon steel 2,000 years before the present, sent 2,400 ships to America 181 years before Christopher Columbus, produced the first universities in the world, understood how to perform surgery on the eye to remove cataracts 700 years ago, and that had charted star systems that were not discovered by Europeans and Americans until the Einstein Orbiting Satellite observed them in 1996.

Osasu and the Great Wall of the Benin Empire

Osasu and the Great Wall of the Benin Empire PDF

Author: Tamkara Adun

Publisher:

Published: 2021-08-28

Total Pages: 104

ISBN-13: 9789083178202

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The Great Benin Empire was an empire kingdom in West Africa known for its great wealth, intricately planned cities, and beautiful bronze sculptures. It was one of the oldest and most highly developed empires in West Africa from the 13th century until the end of the 19th century. It attracted visitors from far away lands who came to trade and also marvel at its great wall. This story is told from the point of view of Osasu, a young Edo boy who lived in the Benin empire and enjoys the comfort and protection of the Great Wall of Benin that was built by his ancestors. Follow young Osasu, as he navigates life at the height of the ancient Benin civilization, the arrival of strange visitors, and the fall of the Great Benin Empire. A must-read for every child and teen interested in untold histories. (Note: This can be emphasized and highlighted) Apart from the entertainment value, readers will benefit from exploring important nuggets of African history and culture as they immerse themselves in this beautiful African story.

The Benin Plaques

The Benin Plaques PDF

Author: Kathryn Wysocki Gunsch

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2017-12-15

Total Pages: 276

ISBN-13: 0429679467

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The 16th century bronze plaques from the kingdom of Benin are among the most recognized masterpieces of African art, and yet many details of their commission and installation in the palace in Benin City, Nigeria, are little understood. The Benin Plaques, A 16th Century Imperial Monument is a detailed analysis of a corpus of nearly 850 bronze plaques that were installed in the court of the Benin kingdom at the moment of its greatest political power and geographic reach. By examining European accounts, Benin oral histories, and the physical evidence of the extant plaques, Gunsch is the first to propose an installation pattern for the series.

The Great Wall Through Time

The Great Wall Through Time PDF

Author: DK

Publisher: Penguin

Published: 2022-04-05

Total Pages: 42

ISBN-13: 0744063809

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Travel through time on an exhilarating expedition to China’s most famous landmark! The Great Wall of China is one of the world’s most intriguing, well-known treasures. Spanning 2,700 years and over 13,000 miles long, embark on the fascinating tale of how the Great Wall was built and how it became one of the greatest man-made projects of all time. This thrilling children’s book about this fascinating structure will leave you with newfound knowledge and appreciation for this amazing world wonder. It includes: • Exquisitely detailed panoramic artworks that show how the Great Wall of China has changed from one era to the next — from the first defensive forts created in 656 BCE to the 13,000 mile-long monument still standing today • Cutaway views that reveal the interior of forts and buildings • Every illustration is surrounded by pull-out details for children to look at, drawing them into the picture and making the book fun and interactive • Lively, engaging narrative text and simple annotations that guide children on a journey through time This informative book educates young readers about how the Great Wall was built and showcases the people that help build it. The wall, one of the new Seven Wonders of the World, started as a frontier defense against northern tribesmen and over the eras evolved to become the dynamic landmark that it is today. This educational history book also contains exceptional cutaway views revealing the interiors of important buildings, and pull-out details introducing fascinating facts and key characters. The time-traveling fox who appears in the artwork will have children inquisitively searching for the charming fox throughout the book. This makes for the perfect gift or collector’s item for children age 7 and up to learn about the Great Wall of China and its history. It is also perfect for parents looking for books on Chinese history to read with their children, and those planning on visiting the Great Wall of China who want to learn more about the landmark before or after their trip.

Capitalism and Slavery

Capitalism and Slavery PDF

Author: Eric Williams

Publisher: UNC Press Books

Published: 2014-06-30

Total Pages: 308

ISBN-13: 1469619490

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Slavery helped finance the Industrial Revolution in England. Plantation owners, shipbuilders, and merchants connected with the slave trade accumulated vast fortunes that established banks and heavy industry in Europe and expanded the reach of capitalism worldwide. Eric Williams advanced these powerful ideas in Capitalism and Slavery, published in 1944. Years ahead of its time, his profound critique became the foundation for studies of imperialism and economic development. Binding an economic view of history with strong moral argument, Williams's study of the role of slavery in financing the Industrial Revolution refuted traditional ideas of economic and moral progress and firmly established the centrality of the African slave trade in European economic development. He also showed that mature industrial capitalism in turn helped destroy the slave system. Establishing the exploitation of commercial capitalism and its link to racial attitudes, Williams employed a historicist vision that set the tone for future studies. In a new introduction, Colin Palmer assesses the lasting impact of Williams's groundbreaking work and analyzes the heated scholarly debates it generated when it first appeared.

Loot

Loot PDF

Author: Barnaby Phillips

Publisher: Simon and Schuster

Published: 2021-04-01

Total Pages: 527

ISBN-13: 1786079364

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A Prospect Best Book of 2021 ‘A fascinating and timely book.’ William Boyd ‘Gripping…a must read.’ FT ‘Compelling…humane, reasonable, and ultimately optimistic.’ Evening Standard ‘[A] valuable guide to a complex narrative.’ The Times In 1897, Britain sent a punitive expedition to the Kingdom of Benin, in what is today Nigeria, in retaliation for the killing of seven British officials and traders. British soldiers and sailors captured Benin, exiled its king and annexed the territory. They also made off with some of Africa’s greatest works of art. The ‘Benin Bronzes’ are now amongst the most admired and valuable artworks in the world. But seeing them in the British Museum today is, in the words of one Benin City artist, like ‘visiting relatives behind bars’. In a time of huge controversy about the legacy of empire, racial justice and the future of museums, what does the future hold for the Bronzes?

Protecting the Roman Empire

Protecting the Roman Empire PDF

Author: Matthew Symonds

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2017-12-07

Total Pages: 267

ISBN-13: 1108381936

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The Roman army enjoys an enviable reputation as an instrument of waging war, but as the modern world reminds us, an enduring victory requires far more than simply winning battles. When it came to suppressing counterinsurgencies, or deterring the depredations of bandits, the army frequently deployed small groups of infantry and cavalry based in fortlets. This remarkable installation type has never previously been studied in detail, and shows a new side to the Roman army. Rather than displaying the aggressive uniformity for which the Roman military is famous, individual fortlets were usually bespoke installations tailored to local needs. Examining fortlet use in north-west Europe helps explain the differing designs of the Empire's most famous artificial frontier systems: Hadrian's Wall, the Antonine Wall, and the Upper German and Raetian limites. The archaeological evidence is fully integrated with documentary sources, which disclose the gritty reality of life in a Roman fortlet.

Travels in West Africa

Travels in West Africa PDF

Author: Mary H. Kingsley

Publisher:

Published: 1897

Total Pages: 842

ISBN-13:

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As a dutiful Victorian daughter, the author was thirty before being freed (by her parents' deaths) to do as she chose. She went to West Africa in 1893 and again in 1895, to investigate the beliefs and customs of the inland tribes and also to collect zoological specimens. She was appalled by the 'thin veneer of rubbishy white culture' imposed by British officials and was not afraid to say so.