Author: Nana Yuliana
Publisher:
Published: 2006
Total Pages: 373
ISBN-13:
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The attacks of the World Trade Center (WTC) in New york and the Pentagon in Washington on 11 September 2001, otherwise known as the 9/11 attacks, were considered to be acts of terrorism. Since then, the issue of terrorism is predominantly discussed in the international arena which includes Indonesia and the Philippines. Indeed, Indonesia and the Philippines experienced terrorism attacks before and after 9/11. In 2001 up to December 2004, there were 14 bombings in Indonesia which included the bombings in Bali, at the JW Marriot Hotel, and in front of the Australian Embassy in Jakarta. Meanwhile, the Philippines reported 25 bombing incidents since the 9/11 attack in 2001 until April 2003. They were among others, the 2 October 2002 bombing in Zamboanga City Sasa Wharf. Apart from bombings, the Philippines also experienced kidnapping as a mode of terrorism act. As counter terrorism response, both governments of Indonesia and the Philippines have taken policies and measures that would minimize if not eradicate the acts of terrorism. This study presented the historical roots of terrorism, and the profile of terrorist organizations, including suspected terrorists/terrorist groups considered to have link with the Al-Jama'ah Al-Islamiyah and the and the Al-Qaeda. It also gave a comparative analysis on policies and measures adopted by both countries vis-a-vis their effectiveness on the business sector. Primary date were collected through questionnaires and interviews of government officials in Indonesia and the Philippines who are directly involved in policies on counter terrorism. Also, the members of the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI) and the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and industry (KADIN) as well as other business people for the impact of counter terrorism policies on the business sector. The bombing and kidnapping perpetrators, presently detained in Muntinlupa at the Maximum Penalty Jail were also considered as respondents of the survey and were likewise given questionnaires. Secondary data were collected from related studies on the matter published on books, journals, and newspapers considered by the researcher for the study. Using the 'Macro-Causal Analysis' as part of a comparative historical analysis proposed by Skocpol, the findings of the study indicated that there were some similarities on the historical roots of terrorism in both countries which are: (1) the use of religion as part of their political ideology; and (2) the willingness to establish an Islamic state with the implementation of the Islamic Shari'a Law. The differences were discovered in the policies on counter terrorism in Indonesia and in the Philippines, due to different society background, the type of terrorist groups, the historical relationship of each country with other countries, and the foreign policy direction. Indonesia emphasized the lealistic aspects, repressive response and bilateral as well as multilateral cooperation. Whereas, the Philippines used military force, repressive response, conciliatory process, legalistic aspects as well as through bilateral relations especially with the US and multilateral cooperation. In finding out the effectiveness of counter terrorism policies in the business sector, the researcher used four (4) indicators i.e. whether the policies on counter terrorism would (1) lessen the frequency of terrorist attacks; (2) increase business activities; (3) prevent the capital flight to overseas; and, (4) increase the flow of foreign direct investments. The result is hypothesized that for Indonesia, counter, counter terrorism policies are not the only determinant to improve its economic condition. Currently, Indonesia is still recovering from the pangs of the 1997 Asian economic crisis. On the Philippine side, it is predicted that its policies on counter terrorism have a lot of impact for the betterment of the business sector.
