Author: Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government
Publisher:
Published: 1993
Total Pages: 104
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space
Publisher:
Published: 1994
Total Pages: 36
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 1999-02-11
Total Pages: 300
ISBN-13: 0309062780
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →The past 50 years have witnessed a revolution in computing and related communications technologies. The contributions of industry and university researchers to this revolution are manifest; less widely recognized is the major role the federal government played in launching the computing revolution and sustaining its momentum. Funding a Revolution examines the history of computing since World War II to elucidate the federal government's role in funding computing research, supporting the education of computer scientists and engineers, and equipping university research labs. It reviews the economic rationale for government support of research, characterizes federal support for computing research, and summarizes key historical advances in which government-sponsored research played an important role. Funding a Revolution contains a series of case studies in relational databases, the Internet, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality that demonstrate the complex interactions among government, universities, and industry that have driven the field. It offers a series of lessons that identify factors contributing to the success of the nation's computing enterprise and the government's role within it.
Author: United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Government Operations
Publisher:
Published: 1958
Total Pages: 190
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: United States. Joint Chiefs of Staff
Publisher:
Published: 1966
Total Pages: 124
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: Sylvia Kraemer
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
Published: 2006-06-20
Total Pages: 343
ISBN-13: 0813539471
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →During the latter half of the twentieth century, federal funding in the United States for scientific research and development increased dramatically. Yet despite the infusion of public funds into research centers, the relationship between public policy and research and development remains poorly understood. How does the federal government attempt to harness scientific knowledge and resources for the nation's economic welfare and competitiveness in the global marketplace? Who makes decisions about controversial scientific experiments, such as genetic engineering and space exploration? Who is held accountable when things go wrong? In this lucidly-written introduction to the topic, Sylvia Kraemer draws upon her extensive experience in government to develop a useful and powerful framework for thinking about the American approach to shaping and managing scientific innovation. Kraemer suggests that the history of science, technology, and politics is best understood as a negotiation of ongoing tensions between open and closed systems. Open systems depend on universal access to information that is complete, verifiable, and appropriately used. Closed systems, in contrast, are composed of unique and often proprietary features, which are designed to control usage. From the Constitution's patent clause to current debates over intellectual property, stem cells, and internet regulation, Kraemer shows the promise-as well as the limits-of open systems in advancing scientific progress as well as the nation's economic vitality.