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Author: Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Published: 2014-12-12
Total Pages: 362
ISBN-13: 3110344130
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →The volume advances our understanding of the role of scales and hierarchies across the linguistic sciences. Although scales and hierarchies are widely assumed to play a role in the modelling of linguistic phenomena, their status remains controversial, and it is these controversies that the present volume tackles head-on.
Author: Ina Bornkessel-Schlesewsky
Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
Published: 2014-12-12
Total Pages: 361
ISBN-13: 3110395002
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →The volume advances our understanding of the role of scales and hierarchies across the linguistic sciences. Although scales and hierarchies are widely assumed to play a role in the modelling of linguistic phenomena, their status remains controversial, and it is these controversies that the present volume tackles head-on.
Author: Sarah E. Gergel
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2006-04-18
Total Pages: 323
ISBN-13: 0387216138
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Filled with numerous exercises this practical guide provides a real hands-on approach to learning the essential concepts and techniques of landscape ecology. The knowledge gained enables students to usefully address landscape- level ecological and management issues. A variety of approaches are presented, including: group discussion, thought problems, written exercises, and modelling. Each exercise is categorised as to whether it is for individual, small group, or whole class study.
Author: Mariam Thalos
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2013-05-01
Total Pages: 288
ISBN-13: 0199917655
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →A venerable tradition in the metaphysics of science commends ontological reduction: the practice of analysis of theoretical entities into further and further proper parts, with the understanding that the original entity is nothing but the sum of these. This tradition implicitly subscribes to the principle that all the real action of the universe (also referred to as its "causation") happens at the smallest scales-at the scale of microphysics. A vast majority of metaphysicians and philosophers of science, covering a wide swath of the spectrum from reductionists to emergentists, defend this principle. It provides one pillar of the most prominent theory of science, to the effect that the sciences are organized in a hierarchy, according to the scales of measurement occupied by the phenomena they study. On this view, the fundamentality of a science is reckoned inversely to its position on that scale. This venerable tradition has been justly and vigorously countered-in physics, most notably: it is countered in quantum theory, in theories of radiation and superconduction, and most spectacularly in renormalization theories of the structure of matter. But these counters-and the profound revisions they prompt-lie just below the philosophical radar. This book illuminates these counters to the tradition principle, in order to assemble them in support of a vaster (and at its core Aristotelian) philosophical vision of sciences that are not organized within a hierarchy. In so doing, the book articulates the principle that the universe is active at absolutely all scales of measurement. This vision, as the book shows, is warranted by philosophical treatment of cardinal issues in the philosophy of science: fundamentality, causation, scientific innovation, dependence and independence, and the proprieties of explanation.
Author: Mariam Thalos
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2013-06-13
Total Pages: 291
ISBN-13: 0199917647
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This book argues that there is causation at every scale of measurement - countering the philosophical position that causation, or "activity," occurs only at the minutest scales of measurement (the scale of microphysics). Thalos's scale-free model, as she shows, is much more hospitable to the models of physicists than are the single-scale models proposed by both reductionists and emergentists.
Author: Lauren Zentz
Publisher: Multilingual Matters
Published: 2017-08-03
Total Pages: 244
ISBN-13: 1783098481
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Against the background of language and nation formation in Indonesia, this book demonstrates how language planning is inseparable from the broader actions of the state, and how postcolonial nationalism and globalization have had profound implications for language use and state actions to control it. Using language planners’ texts, national and regional policy statements and the discussions of university English majors, it explores the borders of what can be defined as Indonesian, Javanese and English languages, and how this is informed by ideologies of language and nationalism in contemporary Indonesia. The tensions played out in the book between the ideologically perceived languages around which policies are built and the realities of linguistic performance and the resources of the individual are echoed across the globe, making this book crucial reading for anyone interested in the interplay of language planning and language use.
Author: Jianguo Wu
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2006-07-02
Total Pages: 354
ISBN-13: 1402046634
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This is the first book of its kind – explicitly considering uncertainty and error analysis as an integral part of scaling. The book draws together a series of important case studies to provide a comprehensive review and synthesis of the most recent concepts, theories and methods in scaling and uncertainty analysis. It includes case studies illustrating how scaling and uncertainty analysis are being conducted in ecology and environmental science.
Author: Thomas L. Saaty
Publisher: RWS Publications
Published:
Total Pages: 424
ISBN-13: 1888603151
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This book is a comprehensive summary, primarily of the author's own thinking and research, about the Analytic Hierarchy Process and decision making. It includes advanced mathematical theory and diverse applications. Fundamentals of Decision Making has all the latest theoretical developments in the AHP and new theoretical material not published elsewhere. We consider this book to be the replacement for the original book on the subject, The Analytic Hierarchy Process that was published by McGraw Hill Publishers, New York.
Author: Giovanni Falcone
Publisher: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
Published: 2010
Total Pages: 251
ISBN-13: 3832525688
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Software metrics like Lines of Code are commonly used in software engineering. Although software metrics are defined to give a concrete statement on a particular facet of a software entity, they are usually interpreted from the viewpoint of more abstract concepts like complexity. Software metrics were developed for a particular context (like an architectural model), but are often used in others than the one they were defined for. The usability of metrics in a particular context highly depends on whether they have properties like extensive structure. Extensive structure and more basic properties were originally introduced in the field of measurement theory that has been used as basis for software measurement in the past. In this thesis we address the software measurement related issues arising from considering software metrics in component based systems.
Author: Thomas L. Saaty
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2012-12-06
Total Pages: 335
ISBN-13: 146151665X
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Models, Methods, Concepts and Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process is a volume dedicated to selected applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) focused on three themes: economics, the social sciences, and the linking of measurement with human values. (1) The AHP offers economists a substantially different approach to dealing with economic problems through ratio scales. The main mathematical models on which economics has based its quantitative thinking up to now are utility theory, which uses interval scales, and linear programming. We hope that the variety of examples included here can perhaps stimulate researchers in economics to try applying this new approach. (2) The second theme is concerned with the social sciences. The AHP offers psychologists and political scientists the methodology to quantify and derive measurements for intangibles. We hope that the examples included in this book will encourage them to examine the methods of AHP in terms of the problems they seek to solve. (3) The third theme is concerned with providing people in the physical and engineering sciences with a quantitative method to link hard measurement to human values. In such a process one needs to interpret what the measurements mean. A number is useless until someone understands what it means. It can have different meanings in different problems. Ten dollars are plenty to satisfy one's hunger but are useless by themselves in buying a new car. Such measurements are only indicators of the state of a system, but do not relate to the values of the human observers of that system. AHP methods can help resolve the conflicts between hard measurement data and human values.
