Practical Color Measurement

Practical Color Measurement PDF

Author: Anni Berger-Schunn

Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Published: 1994-05-06

Total Pages: 200

ISBN-13:

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Practical Color Measurement tells you everything you need to know about the principles and limitations of computerized color measuring systems. Mathematics and optical theory are kept to a minimum, replaced by numerous real-life examples based on normal production samples, detailed tables and the practical knowledge gained by Anni Berger-Schunn through many years of professional experience and research.

Color Measurement

Color Measurement PDF

Author: David L. MacAdam

Publisher: Springer

Published: 1981

Total Pages: 248

ISBN-13: 9783662135105

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Color is attractive and interesting to everyone. Consequently, control of color is important to all producers, buyers, sellers, and users of colored materials. In various ways, color is an indication of freshness, quality, or other desirable (or undesirable) characteristics of goods. To assure acceptability, saleability, and favorable price - especially in contracts and monitoring of conformance to specifications - numerical expression of color is greatly superior to verbal descriptions. Disagreements concerning words or visual comparisons with samples are all too likely and frequent. Such disagreements underlie much un­ pleasantness and loss in commerce in consumer goods. Such loss of money and good will must amount to billions of dollars per year, world wide. Persistent efforts to substitute measurements of color for visual judgment have marked the twentieth century. Because visual perception of small color differences is so acute, the requirements for accuracy and world-wide repro­ ducibility of color measurements have been severe. Only during the last half century have practical spectrophotometers with adequate accuracy been avail­ able.

Colorimetry

Colorimetry PDF

Author: Noboru Ohta

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2006-02-03

Total Pages: 350

ISBN-13: 0470094737

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Colorimetry, the science of quantitvely describing color, is essential for color reproduction technology. This is because it creates standards by which to measure color, using mathematical techniques and software to ensure fidelity across media, allow accurate color mixing, and to develop color optimization. This book is a comprehensive and thorough introduction to colorimetry, taking the reader from basic concepts through to a variety of industrial applications. Set out in clear, easy-to-follow terminology, Ohta and Robertson explain fundamental principles such as color specification, the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) system, and color vision and appearance models. They also cover the following topics: the optimization of color reproduction; uniform color spaces and color difference formulae, including the CIEDE 2000 formula; applications of metamerism, chromatic adaptation, color appearance and color rendering; mathematical formulae for calculating color mixing, maximising luminous efficacy, and designing illuminants with specific properties. Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications is an ideal reference for practising color engineers, color scientists and imaging professionals working on color systems. It is also a practical guide for senior undergraduate and graduate students who want to acquire knowledge in the field.

A Practical Guide to Optical Metrology for Thin Films

A Practical Guide to Optical Metrology for Thin Films PDF

Author: Michael Quinten

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2012-09-24

Total Pages: 212

ISBN-13: 3527664351

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A one-stop, concise guide on determining and measuring thin film thickness by optical methods. This practical book covers the laws of electromagnetic radiation and interaction of light with matter, as well as the theory and practice of thickness measurement, and modern applications. In so doing, it shows the capabilities and opportunities of optical thickness determination and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of measurement devices along with their evaluation methods. Following an introduction to the topic, Chapter 2 presents the basics of the propagation of light and other electromagnetic radiation in space and matter. The main topic of this book, the determination of the thickness of a layer in a layer stack by measuring the spectral reflectance or transmittance, is treated in the following three chapters. The color of thin layers is discussed in chapter 6. Finally, in chapter 7, the author discusses several industrial applications of the layer thickness measurement, including high-reflection and anti-reflection coatings, photolithographic structuring of semiconductors, silicon on insulator, transparent conductive films, oxides and polymers, thin film photovoltaics, and heavily doped silicon. Aimed at industrial and academic researchers, engineers, developers and manufacturers involved in all areas of optical layer and thin optical film measurement and metrology, process control, real-time monitoring, and applications.

Practical Applications of Fuzzy Technologies

Practical Applications of Fuzzy Technologies PDF

Author: Hans-Jürgen Zimmermann

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 680

ISBN-13: 146154601X

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Since the late 1980s, a large number of very user-friendly tools for fuzzy control, fuzzy expert systems, and fuzzy data analysis have emerged. This has changed the character of this area and started the area of `fuzzy technology'. The next large step in the development occurred in 1992 when almost independently in Europe, Japan and the USA, the three areas of fuzzy technology, artificial neural nets and genetic algorithms joined forces under the title of `computational intelligence' or `soft computing'. The synergies which were possible between these three areas have been exploited very successfully. Practical Applications of Fuzzy Sets focuses on model and real applications of fuzzy sets, and is structured into four major parts: engineering and natural sciences; medicine; management; and behavioral, cognitive and social sciences. This book will be useful for practitioners of fuzzy technology, scientists and students who are looking for applications of their models and methods, for topics of their theses, and even for venture capitalists who look for attractive possibilities for investments.

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