Policies and Incentives for Promoting Innovation in Antibiotic Research
Author: WHO Regional Office for Europe
Publisher:
Published: 2013-12-16
Total Pages: 220
ISBN-13: 9789289042147
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Policies and Incentives for Promoting Innovation in Antibiotic Research
Author: Elias Mossialos
Publisher: World Health Organization
Published: 2010
Total Pages: 236
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →High levels of pathogen resistance are rendering current antibiotics obsolete. Coupled with insufficient investment in discovering new treatments, multidrug-resistant infections are an increasingly urgent public health concern. To curb the growth of antibiotic resistance and prevent major morbidity and mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, the overuse of antibiotics must be addressed and research and development for antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action actively promoted. This requires appropriately designed incentives for health and regulatory systems, in addition to economic incentives to attract academic interest and industry investment. This book, commissioned by the Swedish Government from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, analyzes many proposed policies and incentive mechanisms and sheds light on the key issues that will help policy-makers reach informed, concrete decisions on how to avert this potential public health crisis.
Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine
Author: National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 2022-07-20
Total Pages:
ISBN-13: 9780309269452
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →The National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria, published in 2014, sets out a plan for government work to mitigate the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Direction on the implementation of this strategy is provided in five-year national action plans, the first covering 2015 to 2020, and the second covering 2020 to 2025. Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Protecting the Miracle of Modern Medicine evaluates progress made against the national strategy. This report discusses ways to improve detection of resistant infections and estimate the risk to human health from environmental sources of resistance. In addition, the report considers the effect of agricultural practices on human and animal health and animal welfare and ways these practices could be improved, and advises on key drugs and diseases for which animal-specific test breakpoints are needed.
Challenges to Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance
Author: Michael Anderson
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Published: 2020-04-23
Total Pages: 273
ISBN-13: 1108799450
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →An accessible overview of the challenges in tackling AMR, and the economic and policy responses of the 'One Health' approach. It will appeal to policy-makers seeking to strengthen national and local polices tackling AMR, as well as students and academics who want an overview of the latest scientific evidence regarding effective AMR policies.
Promoting Access to Medical Technologies and Innovation - Intersections between Public Health, Intellectual Property and Trade
Author: World Intellectual Property Organization
Publisher: WIPO
Published: 2013
Total Pages: 259
ISBN-13: 9280523082
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This study has emerged from an ongoing program of trilateral cooperation between WHO, WTO and WIPO. It responds to an increasing demand, particularly in developing countries, for strengthened capacity for informed policy-making in areas of intersection between health, trade and IP, focusing on access to and innovation of medicines and other medical technologies.
Antibiotics
Author: David M. Shlaes
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2010-09-02
Total Pages: 108
ISBN-13: 9048190576
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Antibiotics are truly miracle drugs. As a class, they are one of the only ones that actually cure disease as opposed to most drugs that only help relieve symptoms or control disease. Since bacteria that cause serious disease in humans are becoming more and more resistant to the antibiotics we have today, and because they will ultimately become resistant to any antibiotic that we use for treatment or for anything else, we need a steady supply of new antibiotics active against any resistant bacteria that arise. However, the antibiotics marketplace is no longer attractive for large pharmaceutical companies, the costs of development are skyrocketing because of ever more stringent requirements by the regulatory agencies, and finding new antibiotics active against resistant strains is getting harder and harder. These forces are all combining to deny us these miracle drugs when we need them the most. I provide a number of possible paths to shelter from this perfect storm.
Extending the Cure
Author: Ramanan Laxminarayan
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2010-09-30
Total Pages: 193
ISBN-13: 1136527605
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Our ability to treat common bacterial infections with antibiotics goes back only 65 years. However, the authors of this report make it clear that sustaining a supply of effective and affordable antibiotics cannot be without changes to the incentives facing patients, physicians, hospitals, insurers, and pharmaceutical manufacturers. In fact, increasing resistance to these drugs is already exacting a terrible price. Every day in the United States, approximately 172 men, women, and children die from infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospitals alone. Beyond those deaths, antibiotic resistance is costing billions of dollars through prolonged hospital stays and the need for doctors to resort to ever more costly drugs to use as substitute treatments. Extending the Cure presents the problem of antibiotic resistance as a conflict between individual decision makers and their short-term interest and the interest of society as a whole, in both present and future: The effort that doctors make to please each patient by prescribing a drug when it might not be properly indicated, poor monitoring of discharged patients to ensure that they do not transmit drug-resistant pathogens to other persons, excesses in the marketing of new antibiotics, and the broad overuse of antibiotics all contribute to the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The book explores a range of policy options that would encourage patients, health care providers, and managed care organizations to serve as more responsible stewards of existing antibiotics as well as proposals that would give pharmaceutical firms greater incentives to develop new antibiotics and avoid overselling. If the problem continues unaddressed, antibiotic resistance has the potential to derail the health care system and return us to a world where people of all ages routinely die from simple infections. As a basis for future research and a spur to a critically important dialogue, Extending the Cure is a fundamental first step in addressing this public health crisis. The Extending the Cure project is funded in part by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation through its Pioneer Portfolio.
Incentives for Research, Development, and Innovation in Pharmaceuticals
Author: Walter A. Garcia-Fontes
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2012-01-12
Total Pages: 105
ISBN-13: 8493806277
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Incentives for innovation are particularly relevant in the pharmaceutical industry where not all social needs provide equally profitable opportunities and where most OECD countries try to implement different measures that promote research in these less profitable areas. This book describes how incentives can be provided to deal with less profitable activities when no clear markets exist for the innovations. The book discusses alternative mechanisms to substitute for inexistent markets, situations where traditional instruments have proven totally insufficient, and the clear mismatch between the size of the markets being targeted and the incentives being provided. Patents become an ineffective way to incentivise R&D when the appropriability is low; this book provides alternative ideas such as allowing for a period of data exclusivity to firms that develop new drugs.
Infectious Diseases in the New Millennium
Author: Mark Eccleston-Turner
Publisher: Springer Nature
Published: 2020-05-15
Total Pages: 254
ISBN-13: 3030398196
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This book examines the often tough questions raised by infectious diseases through essays that explore a host of legal and ethical issues. The authors also offer potential solutions in order to ensure that past errors are not repeated in response to future outbreaks. The essays touch on a number of key themes, including institutional competence, the accountability and responsibility of non-state actors, the importance of pharmaceuticals, and the move towards a rights-based approach in global health. Readers gain insights into such important questions as follows: How can we help victims in other countries? What (if any) responsibility should be placed upon international organizations whose actions exacerbate infectious diseases? How can we ensure that pharmaceutical research helps all communities, even those who cannot afford to pay for the products? While broadly covering global health law, the book adopts an inter-disciplinary approach that draws on public international law, philosophy, international relations, human rights law, and healthcare economics. As such, it is a valuable resource for academic libraries, appealing to scholars and postgraduates engaged in relevant research, as well as to those engaged with global health and policy at the international level.
Ensuring Innovation in Diagnostics for Bacterial Infection
Author: Morel C.
Publisher: World Health Organization
Published: 2016-04-18
Total Pages: 338
ISBN-13: 9289050365
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →The inappropriate use of antibiotics is a primary cause of the ongoing increase in drug resistance amongst pathogenic bacteria. The resulting decrease in the efficacy of antibiotics threatens our ability to combat infectious diseases. Rapid point-of-care tests to identify pathogens and better target the appropriate treatment could greatly improve the use of antibiotics. Yet there are few such tests currently available or being developed despite the rapid pace of medical innovation. Clearly something is inhibiting the much-needed development of new and more convenient diagnostic tools. This study delineates priorities for developing diagnostics to improve antibiotic prescription and use with the goal of managing and curbing the expansion of drug resistance. It calls for new approaches particularly in the provision of diagnostic devices and in doing so outlines some of the inadequacies in health science and policy initiatives that have led to the dearth of such devices. The authors make the case that there is a clear and urgent need for innovation not only in the technology of diagnosis but also in public policy and medical practice to support the availability and use of better diagnostic tools. This book explores the complexities of the diagnostics market from the perspective of both supply and demand unearthing interesting bottlenecks some obvious some more subtle. It calls for a multifaceted and broad policy response and an overhaul of current practice so that the growth of bacterial resistance can be stemmed.
