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Pakistan's Nuclear Proliferation Activities and the Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission: U.S. Policy Constraints and Options

Author: Richard P. Cronin

Publisher:

Published: 2005

Total Pages: 41

ISBN-13:

In calling for a clear, strong, and long-term commitment to support the military dominated government of Pakistan despite serious concerns about that country s nuclear proliferation activities, The Final Report of the 9/11 Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States cast into sharp relief two long-standing contradictions in U.S. policy towards Pakistan and South Asia. First, in over fifty years, the United States and Pakistan have never been able to align their national security objectives except partially and temporarily. Pakistan s central goal has been to gain U.S. support to bolster its security against India, whereas the United States has tended to view the relationship from the perspective of its global security interests. Second, U.S. nuclear nonproliferation objectives towards Pakistan (and India) repeatedly have been subordinated to other U.S. goals. During the 1980s, Pakistan successfully exploited its importance as a conduit for aid to the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahidin to deter the application of U.S. nuclear nonproliferation law. Not only did Pakistan develop its nuclear weapons capability while receiving some $600 million annually in U.S. military and economic aid, but some of the erstwhile mujahidin came to form the core of Al Qaeda and Taliban a decade later. Congress has endorsed and funded for FY2005 a request from the Bush Administration for a new five-year, $3 billion, package of U.S. economic and military assistance to Pakistan. Some Members of Congress and policy analysts have expressed concern that once again the United States will be constrained from addressing serious issues concerning Pakistan s nuclear activities by the need for Islamabad s help this time to capture or kill members of Al Qaeda and the Afghan Taliban.

Pakistan's Nuclear Proliferation Activities and the Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission

Author: Richard P. Cronin

Publisher:

Published: 2011-06-25

Total Pages: 52

ISBN-13: 9781437961362

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Contents: (1) Introduction: The 9/11 Commission Report and Long-Standing Contradictions in U.S. Policy Towards Pakistan and South Asia; Antiterrorism Cooperation with a Prime Source of Nuclear Proliferation; Congressional Concerns and Perspectives; (2) Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission; (3) Past as Prologue: Pakistan and the Recurrent Dilemma of Conflicting U.S. Policy Goals: India's 1974 Nuclear Test and the Beginning of the U.S. Policy Dilemma; Key Role of Congress in Shaping Basic U.S. Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy; Alternating U.S. Policy Priorities Towards Pakistan; Failed Efforts to Reconcile U.S. Cold War and Nuclear Proliferation Objectives: The 1985 "Pressler Amendment" and the 1990 Aid Cutoff; India and Pakistan's May 1998 Nuclear Tests and the Decline of Sanctions as a U.S. Nonproliferation Policy Approach; U.S. Policy Reversal After 9/11; (4) Details on Pakistan's Proliferation Activities as of 2005: The A.Q. Khan Network; Other Nuclear Suppliers; Intelligence Issues; Pakistan's Absence in U.S. Intelligence Reports on Proliferation; (5) Role of A.Q. Khan, the Pakistani Government and Military; (6) Issues Concerning the Viability of the Musharraf Government As a Long-Term U.S. Security Partner; (7) Policy Discussion: More Constraints Than Options; (8) Legislation. This is a print on demand report.

Challenges and Importance of Nuclear Security: A Case Study of Pakistan

Author: Ahmad Sabat

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2013-01-03

Total Pages: 68

ISBN-13: 3656344221

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Master's Thesis from the year 2012 in the subject Politics - Region: Far East, Quaid I Azam University (Department of Defense and Strategic Studies), course: Seminar on Cureent Issues, language: English, abstract: The researcher has tried to look into the issue of the Security of Pakistan’s Nuclear Assets objectively. The day Pakistan has become the nuclear power; it has been under stressful situation. It has to face different threats, from inside as well as from outside. Pakistan, being the sole Muslim nuclear power, has perturbed the sleep of many foreign forces. She is the target of different open and concealed intrigues which are weakening her stance on nuclear issue. Pakistan possesses a full range of activities relating to nuclear weapons. It is capable to produce heavy water, enrich uranium and plutonium and manufacture nuclear weapons. It has also a full developed missile program. No doubt they are great assets and contribute much to buttress the defence of Pakistan. But at the same time, she is in the hot water for committing the dauntless deed of having a nuclear arsenal. However, some un-thoughtful acts of nuclear proliferation and rise of militancy have raised many concerns about the security of Pakistan’s nuclear asset. Unfortunately, the northern areas of Pakistan are the bedrock of Al-Qaeda’s militants. These militants claim of having nuclear material. All these factors are seen as great threat for world peace. Post 9/11 scenario has created an upheaval in our social, cultural, political and economic set-up. The clue of any terror event that takes place anywhere in the world is traced back in Pakistan. Therefore, the world powers express their deep anxiety regarding the security of Pakistan’s nuclear assets. These fears and anxieties are not baseless. A. Q. Khan Network’s involvement in nuclear proliferation and secondly some of our scientists alleged meeting with Osama-bin-Laden have raised many questions regarding the security of Pakistan’s assets. A gory wave of terrorism has grilled the country. Extremism and sectarianism have distorted the pretty face of Islam and Pakistan. Different terrorist groups have been playing a ruinous game in the name of Jihad. They are hell-bent to disparage the integrity of Pakistan. These are the facts and call for serious and effective steps by the stakeholders to foil all these dirty designs. Any laxity in this matter would be very fatal for the life of Pakistan. America and other world powers have been forcing Pakistan to sign CTBT and NPT. These powers have been urging Pakistan to cap her nuclear programme. India-Israel malicious designs about Pakistan’s nuclear program are an open secret.

Pakistan in Focus

Author: Robert V. Preger

Publisher:

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 220

ISBN-13:

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Friend or foe? Pakistan was extremely instrumental in supplying guns to Afghanistan to fight Russia. On the other hand, some of the world's worst terrorists live seemingly in peace in Pakistan with little if any threat to their activities. Pakistan has developed a nuclear capability and is therefore a force in the world. But the population is kept extremely poor and often emigrates for better opportunities to Europe, America and England. A certain subgroup of this population forms the base of a great deal of the known terrorists in the world and forms the foundations for terrorist attacks in the countries they emigrate to. Other subgroups become important parts of the social, medical and scientific communities.

Nuclear Threat Reduction Measures for India and Pakistan

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2005

Total Pages: 31

ISBN-13:

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Since India and Pakistan tested nuclear weapons in 1998, there has been a debate on whether the United States should provide assistance in making those weapons safer and more secure. In the wake of September 11, 2001, interest in this kind of assistance has grown for several reasons: the possibility of terrorists gaining access to Pakistan's nuclear weapons seems higher, the U.S. military is forging new relationships with both Pakistan and India in the war on terrorism, and heightened tension in Kashmir in 2002 threatened to push both states closer to the brink of nuclear war. Revelations in 2004 that Pakistani scientist A.Q. Khan was selling nuclear technology (and reportedly a nuclear bomb design) to Iran, Libya, and North Korea also helped to renew interest in making, in particular, Pakistna's nuclear weapons program more secure from exploitation. The report of the 9/11 Commission also called for continued support for threat reduction assistance to keep weapons of mass destruction (WMD) away from terrorist groups.

Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons

Author: Paul K. Kerr

Publisher: DIANE Publishing

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 23

ISBN-13: 1437921949

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Pakistan¿s nuclear arsenal consists of approx. 60 nuclear warheads, although it could be larger. Islamabad is producing fissile material, adding to related production facilities, and deploying additional delivery vehicles. These steps will enable Pakistan to undertake both quantitative and qualitative improvements to its nuclear arsenal. Islamabad does not have a public, detailed nuclear doctrine, but its ¿minimum credible deterrent¿ is widely regarded as primarily a deterrent to Indian military action. Contents of this report: Background; Nuclear Weapons; Responding to India?; Delivery Vehicles; Nuclear Doctrine; Command and Control; Security Concerns; Proliferation Threat; and Pakistan¿s Response to the Proliferation Threat.

9/11 Commission Recommendations

Author: John Iseby

Publisher: Nova Publishers

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 234

ISBN-13: 9781604565201

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This title presents the 9/11 Commission's recommendations and the status of their implementation.

Pakistan Nuclear Programs and Projects Handbook - Strategic Information and Regulations

Author: IBP USA

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2009-03-20

Total Pages: 262

ISBN-13: 1438737289

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Pakistan Nuclear Programs and Projects Handbook

International Nuclear Export Controls and Non-Proliferation

Author: Ian J. Stewart

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2021-09-27

Total Pages: 263

ISBN-13: 100045519X

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This book examines the evolution of international nuclear non-proliferation trade controls over time. The book argues that the international nuclear export controls have developed in a sub-optimal way as a result of a non-proliferation collective action problem. This has resulted in competition among suppliers, owing to the absence of an overarching effective system of control. While efforts have been undertaken to address this collective action problem and strengthen controls over time, these measures have been inherently limited, it is argued here, because of the same structural factors and vested interests that led to the creation of the problem in the first place. This study examines international controls from the beginning of the nuclear age and early efforts to control the atom, up to more recent times and the challenge posed by Iranian and North Korean nuclear ambitions. Drawing on a rich body of original archival research and interviews, the book demonstrates that the collective action problem has restrained cooperation in preventing nuclear proliferation and that gaps persist in the international nuclear trade control regime. This book will be of much interest to students of nuclear proliferation and arms control, security studies, and International Relations.

Bargaining on Nuclear Tests

Author: Or Rabinowitz

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2014-04

Total Pages: 257

ISBN-13: 0198702930

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Bargaining on Nuclear Tests tells the yet untold story of how Washington under Ronald Reagan's presidency duplicated the nuclear deal on ambiguity reached with Israel in 1969 in its dealings with Pakistan and South Africa in 1981. It puts the story of nuclear tests at the heart of a new Cold War historical narrative.