Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation and Role in Metallogenesis

Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation and Role in Metallogenesis PDF

Author: M. V. Glikson

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-14

Total Pages: 468

ISBN-13: 9401594740

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This book demonstrates the direct link between petroleum, the derivative of organic materials, and ore bodies. The studies reported here highlight the common factors between hydrocarbons and mineral concentrations, such as heat sources, migration routes and likely traps. It emphasizes the role that hydrothermal processes play in the genesis of both petroleum generation and ore-grade mineralization. The presence of oil residue in the form of bitumen and pyrobitumen in all sediment-hosted ore bodies throughout the geological record is a testimony to their common diagenetic history. Studies of active hydrothermal systems reported in this book describe the processes and derivatives in these environments, linking hydrocarbon generation and mineral precipitation. A comparison with residual oil in many ore bodies and mineralization occurrences in the geological record, as depicted in this book, can be explained in terms of processes in active hydrothermal systems. One of the most interesting and challenging recent discoveries, that of living nano-bacteria, is reported in this book. The `nanobes', as they have recently been dubbed, have been suggested as the link between the living and non-living matter. The resemblance of these nano-organisms to fossil forms observed in a Martian meteorite have been reported recently in the media. Likewise the similarity to nano-bacteria in Archaean sediments is highlighted in two chapters of the book.

Origin, Distribution and Alteration of Organic Matter and Generation and Migration of Hydrocarbons in Austin Chalk, Upper Cretaceous, Southeastern Texas

Origin, Distribution and Alteration of Organic Matter and Generation and Migration of Hydrocarbons in Austin Chalk, Upper Cretaceous, Southeastern Texas PDF

Author: GEORGE JOSEPH GRABOWSKI (JR.)

Publisher:

Published: 1981

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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The Austin Chalk is an impure "onshore" chalk that was deposited on a ramp marginal to the Gulf of Mexico during the Late Cretaceous. Basinal chalks are organic rich, commonly containing 0.5-5.0% amorphous, sapropelic kerogen derived from marine organic matter with only trace amounts of terrestial kerogen. Less organic matter was deposited and perserved in oxygenated shallow water, and fresh-water diagenesis oxidized the organic matter on outcrop. In each sample, the kerogen is concentrated in microstylolites, with organic fluids segregated in micropores in the chalk. The bitumen from the Austin Chalk contains geochemical fossils characteristic of plankton and algae: steranes, triterpanes, isoprenoids (particularly pristane and phytane), and even-carbon numbered C(,15)-C(,22) n-alkanes. These geochemical fossils become less abundant with increasing burial depth, due to the generation of hydrocarbons during catagenesis. The kerogen darkens and becomes condensed and aromatic as the H/C atomic ratio decreases and hydrocarbons are liberated from the kerogen and from asphaltenes. Saturated hydrocarbons, particularly C(,12)-C(,26) n-alkanes and isoalkanes and single-ring cycloalkanes, increase more rapidly than aromatic hydrocarbons and resins. Kerogen alteration and hydrocarbon generation are unaffected by the mineral composition of the chalk, suggesting that the dominant controls on the rate of alteration and the composition of hydrocarbons generated are the type of organic matter and thermal history of the rocks. The principal zone of oil generation for the Austin Chalk occurs at the same depth as for shales of the same age. The Austin Chalk reservoirs petroleum sourced within the formation and petroleum that has migrated into the chalk from elsewhere in the chalk and the underlying Eagleford Formation. The hydrocarbons are reservoired in interparticulate pores and micro- and macrofractures. Migration results in an enrichment in saturated hydrocarbons and, to a lesser

Organic Maturation Studies and Fossil Fuel Exploration

Organic Maturation Studies and Fossil Fuel Exploration PDF

Author: J. Brooks

Publisher:

Published: 1981

Total Pages: 468

ISBN-13:

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"During the last decade there has been particular progress made in the study of hydrocarbon source rocks, organic maturation and the generation, occurrence and properties of petroleum. These advances and applications are reflected in the present volume. The main aim of Organic Maturation Studies and Fossil Fuel Exploration is to provide a platform for current research, developments, applications and discussion organic maturation of sedimentary organic matter presented against the ever increasing requirements of petroleum exploration."--Back cover.

Early Organic Evolution

Early Organic Evolution PDF

Author: Manfred Schidlowski

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 565

ISBN-13: 3642768849

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This volume is the final outcome of a conference designed to wrap up IOCP Project 157 (" Early Organic Evolution and Mineral and Energy Resources ") after a decade of prolific activity. The picturesque solitude of Maria Laach Abbey in the Eifel Mountains (FRO) provided the appropriate setting for a conclave of some 80 specialists from the various walks of the field who, during the week of Sept. 19 - 23, 1988, strived hard to define the state of the art in the principal segments of this Earth Science frontier. The following pages contain the essence of the conference transactions, giv ing a vivid cross-section of the activities pursued by IOCP Project 157 during its final years. The coverage of topics is not necessarily complete, but rather eclec tic in part. With regard to single papers dealing with modern analogues of ancient processes, the book title might even be considered a grave misnomer. Neverthe less, all contributions relate to the subject in the widest sense, and the reader should be reminded that much of the heterogeneity reflected by the volume de rives from the fact that it is primarily a research report from a highly inter disciplinary field rather than a textbook.

Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation

Coalbed Methane: Scientific, Environmental and Economic Evaluation PDF

Author: M. Mastalerz

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-09

Total Pages: 581

ISBN-13: 9401710627

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Coalbed gas has been considered a hazard since the early 19th century when the first mine gas explosions occurred in the United States in 1810 and France in 1845. In eastern Australia methane-related mine disasters occurred late in the 19th century with hundreds of lives lost in New South Wales, and as recently as 1995 in Queensland's Bowen Basin. Ventilation and gas drainage technologies are now in practice. However, coalbed methane recently is becoming more recognized as a potential source of energy; rather than emitting this gas to the atmosphere during drainage of gassy mines it can be captured and utilized. Both economic and environmental concerns have sparked this impetus to capture coalbed methane. The number of methane utilization projects has increased in the United States in recent years as a result, to a large extent, of development in technology in methane recovery from coal seams. Between 1994 and 1997, the number of mines in Alabama, Colorado, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia recovering and utilizing methane increased from 1 0 to 17. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that close to 49 billion cubic feet (Bet) of methane was recovered in 1996, meaning that this amount was not released into the atmosphere. It is estimated that in the same year total emissions of methane equaled 45. 7 Bcf. Other coal mines are being investigated at present, many ofwhich appear to be promising for the development of cost-effective gas recovery.

Petrology

Petrology PDF

Author: Ali Al-Juboury

Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand

Published: 2012-01-13

Total Pages: 240

ISBN-13: 9533078006

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Petrology, New Perspectives and Applications is designed for advanced graduate courses and professionals in petrology. The book includes eight chapters that are focused on the recent advances and application of modern petrologic and geochemical methods for the understanding of igneous, metamorphic and even sedimentary rocks. Research studies contained in this volume provide an overview of application of modern petrologic techniques to rocks of diverse origins. They reflect a wide variety of settings (from South America to the Far East, and from Africa to Central Asia) as well as ages ranging from late Precambrian to late Cenozoic, with several on Mesozoic/Cenozoic volcanism.

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