Update on the Immune Mechanisms Against Respiratory Pathogens

Update on the Immune Mechanisms Against Respiratory Pathogens PDF

Author: Junkal Garmendía

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2019-10-21

Total Pages: 355

ISBN-13: 2889631311

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Respiratory infections are leading causes of mortality and morbidity, with Tuberculosis and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) culminating in almost 5 million deaths per year. Respiratory tract infections pose a continuous threat to humans due to their easy dissemination via aerial transmission. Children under the age of five living in developing countries are the most susceptible hosts to a plethora of bacteria and viruses including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Influenza virus, Respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus. Likewise, adult patients suffering from underlying chronic respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), bronchiectasis or neutrophilic asthma are also highly targeted by LRTIs. Despite vaccination saving millions of lives, the growing emergence of antibiotic resistant strains is a major challenge for the coming years. In addition, some vaccines against particular respiratory pathogens are ineffective in providing long-term protection. Accordingly, an enhanced understanding of host immunity to respiratory infections is essential for developing new and more effective microbial- and host-directed therapeutics. This eBook will provide a comprehensive overview of the microbial factors and the host immune mechanisms that determine the control of lung infection and/or the development of lung diseases. Manuscripts included in this eBook are divided in four chapters and cover these aspects of immunology against respiratory pathogens: -Pathogen targets for immune recognition including membrane-anchored and secreted effector molecules. -Specific roles of immune cell subsets in response to respiratory infections spanning both innate and adaptive immunity. -Host factors involved in pathogen recognition in the respiratory system including cytosolic DNA sensors. -New prophylactic and/or therapeutic strategies against respiratory infections.

Mycobacteria and the Macrophage

Mycobacteria and the Macrophage PDF

Author: Suzie Hingley-Wilson

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2023-12-28

Total Pages: 297

ISBN-13: 2832519164

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The macrophage (or “big eater”) is often considered the first cell type to encounter the causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, upon entry to the lung. Once inside the macrophage the tubercle bacillus can survive and even replicate where many other invading pathogens perish. Recent research suggests the bacilli adapts within this hostile environment, treating the macrophage like a Trojan horse. Indeed, cutting-edge techniques have revealed that the degree of bacterial heterogeneity and resistance to antibiotics changes within the macrophage. M. tuberculosis spends most of its life cycle within the macrophage and has adopted specific mechanisms to survive, egress and to recruit more of this niche cell (eg the Type VII secretion system ESX-1). Understanding the host-pathogen interaction in tuberculous infection is key to understanding TB, which remains the number one cause of death from a bacterial infection. In this research topic we aim to cover advances in understanding how the tubercle bacillus adapts and survives within the host cell. Determining the responsible mechanisms may reveal novel ways to target this deadly pathogen and halt its adaptation and transformation within these potentially destructive or permissive cells.

Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria

Biotechnology of Lactic Acid Bacteria PDF

Author: Fernanda Mozzi

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2010-01-29

Total Pages: 417

ISBN-13: 0813820952

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This title represents a broad review of current research on LAB and their novel applications with contributions from a number of well-known leading scientists. The book encompasses a wide range of topics including both traditional and novel developing fields, and provides unparalleled, comprehensive information on new advances of genomics, proteomics, metabolism and biodiversity of LAB. Chapters contain state-of-the-art discussions of specific LAB applications such as their use as probiotics, live vaccines and starter cultures in old and new fermented products. The safety of these microorganisms and their interactions with diverse ecosystems natural biota are also covered as well as the new applications of well-known (bacteriocins) and novel (vitamins, low-calorie sugars, etc.) metabolites produced by LAB. This book is an essential reference for established researchers and scientists, doctoral and post-doctoral students, university professors and instructors, and food technologists working on food microbiology, physiology and biotechnology of lactic acid bacteria.

Human Respiratory Viral Infections

Human Respiratory Viral Infections PDF

Author: Sunit K. Singh

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2014-06-23

Total Pages: 702

ISBN-13: 0429586450

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Using a multidisciplinary approach, Human Respiratory Viral Infections is set at the level between the definitive reference work and an essential clinical manual. Exploring recent advances in human respiratory viral research, the text builds on the basic sciences of epidemiology, virology, molecular biology, and immunology to cover clinical diagnos

Mouse Models of Allergic Disease

Mouse Models of Allergic Disease PDF

Author: Irving C. Allen

Publisher: Humana

Published: 2016-08-23

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781493960200

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Over the last half century, a dramatic increase in allergic diseases has been observed throughout industrialized nations, which has resulted in significant worldwide socio-economic challenges. In Mouse Models of Allergic Disease: Methods and Protocols, a wide range of expert contributors provide detailed protocols for the design and execution of experiments to thoroughly analyze critical elements associated with a diverse range of allergic diseases, all through the lens of mouse models that accurately recapitulate clinically relevant aspects of the respective human disease. The volume opens with a section featuring techniques essential for effective ex vivo cell isolation and evaluation of specific cell types relevant to a diverse range of allergic diseases, and the book then moves on to cover in vivo protocols to evaluate prevalent mouse models of human allergic diseases, including mouse models of systemic anaphylaxis, contact hypersensitivity, allergic rhinitis, and asthma, as well as a collection of chapters on in vivo and ex vivo protocols used to assess indirect mediators of allergic diseases, such as the nervous system, non-hematopoietic cells, and the composition of the gut microbiome. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Timely and authoritative, Mouse Models of Allergic Disease: Methods and Protocols serves as an essential collection of protocols that allow both novice and expert researchers the ability to accurately develop, evaluate, and characterize the mechanisms associated with these disorders.

Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection

Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection PDF

Author: Philip C. Calder

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-10-10

Total Pages: 555

ISBN-13: 1482253984

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Both nutrition deficiency and overnutrition can have a significant effect on the risk of infection. Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection focuses on the influence of diet on the immune system and how altering one’s diet helps prevent and treat infections and chronic diseases. This book reviews basic immunology and discusses changes in immune function throughout the life course. It features comprehensive chapters on obesity and the role of immune cells in adipose tissue; undernutrition and malnutrition; infant immune maturation; pre- and probiotics; mechanisms of immune regulation by various vitamins and minerals; nutrition and the aging immune system; nutrition interactions with environmental stress; and immunity in the global health arena. Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection describes the various roles of nutrients and other food constituents on immune function, host defense, and resistance to infection. It describes the impact of infection on nutritional status through a translational approach. Chapters bring together molecular, cellular, and experimental studies alongside human trials so that readers can assess both the evidence for the effects of the food component being discussed and the mechanisms underlying those effects. The impact of specific conditions including obesity, anorexia nervosa, and HIV infection is also considered. Chapter authors are experts in nutrition, immunity, and infection from all around the globe, including Europe, Australia, Brazil, India, and the United States. This book is a valuable resource for nutrition scientists, food scientists, dietitians, health practitioners, and students interested in nutrition and immunity.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease PDF

Author: Robert A. Stockley

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2008-04-15

Total Pages: 912

ISBN-13: 0470755288

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The only international clinical textbook for COPD – one of the top 5 causes of death and disability worldwide The only COPD textbook to include the latest national and international guidelines and the newer therapeutic agents in COPD treatment International team of contributors covers all aspects of COPD – from physiology and epidemiology to diagnosis and treatment Everything the busy physician needs to understand, diagnose and treat the COPD patient: Structure and physiology of the respiratory system Clinical considerations and allied conditions Therapy (including current and developing treatments) Diagnostic tests used in daily practice

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