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Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Author: Grigoris Antoniou

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 1997

Total Pages: 310

ISBN-13: 9780262011570

Nonmonotonic reasoning provides formal methods that enable intelligent systems to operate adequately when faced with incomplete or changing information. In particular, it provides rigorous mechanisms for taking back conclusions that, in the presence of new information, turn out to be wrong and for deriving new, alternative conclusions instead. Nonmonotonic reasoning methods provide rigor similar to that of classical reasoning; they form a base for validation and verification and therefore increase confidence in intelligent systems that work with incomplete and changing information. Following a brief introduction to the concepts of predicate logic that are needed in the subsequent chapters, this book presents an in depth treatment of default logic. Other subjects covered include the major approaches of autoepistemic logic and circumscription, belief revision and its relationship to nonmonotonic inference, and briefly, the stable and well-founded semantics of logic programs.

Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Author: Gerhard Brewka

Publisher: Stanford Univ Center for the Study

Published: 1997-01-01

Total Pages: 179

ISBN-13: 9781881526834

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Nonmonotonic reasoning in its broadest sense is reasoning to conclusions on the basis of incomplete information. Given more information, previously drawn inferences may be retracted. Commonsense reasoning has a nonmonotonic component; it has been argued that almost all commonsense inferences are of this sort. From the end of the 1980s to the present there has been an explosion in research in nonmonotonic reasoning. It is now possible to understand more clearly the properties of the major formalisms from a metatheoretical point of view, the relationships among the formalisms and their connection to independently developed proof methods. The goal of this monograph is to make this understanding more accessible.

Readings in Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Author: Matthew L. Ginsberg

Publisher: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers

Published: 1987

Total Pages: 498

ISBN-13:

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Nonmonotonic Logic

Author: V. Wiktor Marek

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-14

Total Pages: 425

ISBN-13: 3662029065

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When I first participated in exploring theories of nonmonotonic reasoning in the late 1970s, I had no idea of the wealth of conceptual and mathematical results that would emerge from those halting first steps. This book by Wiktor Marek and Miroslaw Truszczynski is an elegant treatment of a large body of these results. It provides the first comprehensive treatment of two influen tial nonmonotonic logics - autoepistemic and default logic - and describes a number of surprising and deep unifying relationships between them. It also relates them to various modal logics studied in the philosophical logic litera ture, and provides a thorough treatment of their applications as foundations for logic programming semantics and for truth maintenance systems. It is particularly appropriate that Marek and Truszczynski should have authored this book, since so much of the research that went into these results is due to them. Both authors were trained in the Polish school of logic and they bring to their research and writing the logical insights and sophisticated mathematics that one would expect from such a background. I believe that this book is a splendid example of the intellectual maturity of the field of artificial intelligence, and that it will provide a model of scholarship for us all for many years to come. Ray Reiter Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto, Canada M5S 1A4 and The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research Table of Contents 1 1 Introduction .........

Conditionals in Nonmonotonic Reasoning and Belief Revision

Author: Gabriele Kern-Isberner

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2003-06-29

Total Pages: 194

ISBN-13: 3540446001

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Conditionals are omnipresent, in everyday life as well as in scientific environments; they represent generic knowledge acquired inductively or learned from books. They tie a flexible and highly interrelated network of connections along which reasoning is possible and which can be applied to different situations. Therefore, conditionals are important, but also quite problematic objects in knowledge representation. This book presents a new approach to conditionals which captures their dynamic, non-proportional nature particularly well by considering conditionals as agents shifting possible worlds in order to establish relationships and beliefs. This understanding of conditionals yields a rich theory which makes complex interactions between conditionals transparent and operational. Moreover,it provides a unifying and enhanced framework for knowledge representation, nonmonotonic reasoning, belief revision,and even for knowledge discovery.

Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Author: Jürgen Dix

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 1997-07-02

Total Pages: 474

ISBN-13: 9783540632559

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Development and environment problems have reached such alarming proportions that the very survival of humanity is now subject to critical and unprecedented threats. In its latest report, the German Advisory Council on Global Change (WBGU) criticizes Germany's global change research community for its lack of international orientation, its bias towards individual disciplines and for its weaknesses in translating scientific results into a form readily accessible to policymakers. The Council identifies alternatives for restructuring the research landscape, focusing primarily on a new 'Syndrome Approach' for global change research. By applying this tool, scientists can systematically describe and analyze the 'diseases' afflicting the Earth System, and thus elaborate response options.

Logics and Models of Concurrent Systems

Author: Krzysztof R. Apt

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-08

Total Pages: 494

ISBN-13: 3642824536

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The cooperation test [Apt, Francez & de Roever] was originally conceived to capture the proof theoretical analogue of distributed message exchange between disjoint processes, as opposed to the interference freedom test [Owicki & Gries], being the proof theoretical analogue of concurrent communication by means of interference through jointly shared variables. Some authors ([Levin & Gries, Lamport & Schneider, Schlichting and Schneider]) stress that both forms of communication can be proof theoretically characterized using interference freedom only, since proofs for both ultimately amount to an invariance proof of a big global assertion [Ashcroft], invariance of whose parts amounts to interference freedom. Yet I feel that the characteristic nature of the cooperation test is still preserved in the analysis of these authors, because in their analysis of CSP the part dealing with interference freedom specializes to maintenance of a global invariant, the expression of which requires per process the introduction of auxiliary variables which are updated in that process only, thus preserving the concept of disjointness (as opposed to sharing), since now all variables from different processes are disjoint. The cooperation test has been applied to characterize concurrent communication as occurring in Hoare's Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) [Hoare 2], Ichbiah's ADA [ARM], and Brinch Hansen's Distributed Processes (DP) [Brinch Hansen]. This characterization has been certified through soundness and completeness proofs [Apt 2, Gerth]. As in the interference freedom test this characterization consists of two stages, a local sequential stage and a global stage.

Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Author: Dritan Berzati

Publisher: Nova Publishers

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 192

ISBN-13: 9781594545627

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The capability to reason in a world full of uncertainties, vagueness and ignorance is what distinguishes humans. This ability to argument in a partially known world is the informal definition of common-sense reasoning. The question how common-sense reasoning is performed occupied humanity since we can think of. Last century this issue reached an immense importance. Especially during the last three decades the study of common-sense reasoning became one of the major research topics in Artificial Intelligence (AI). Several formalisms to capture the mechanism of common-sense reasoning have been proposed so far. This book concentrates on presenting the most important formalisms for common-sense reasoning, and, showing that one of the discussed formalisms serves perfectly to capture the mechanism of common-sense reasoning, since this formalism subsumes all other in this book introduced formalisms dealing with common-sense reasoning.

Explanatory Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Author: Alexander Bochman

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2005

Total Pages: 424

ISBN-13: 9812561013

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Many approaches in the field of nonmonotonic and ?commonsense? reasoning are actually different representations of the same basic ideas and constructions. This book gives a logical formalization of the original, explanatory approach to nonmonotonic reasoning. It uses the basic formalism of biconsequence relations, as well as derived systems of default, autoepistemic and causal inference, to cover in a single framework such diverse systems as default logic, autoepistemic and modal nonmonotonic logics, input/output and causal logics, argumentation theory, and semantics of general logic programs with negation as failure. This approach provides a clear separation between logical (monotonic) and nonmonotonic aspects of nonmonotonic reasoning. The separation allows, in particular, to single out the logics underlying modern logic programming and restore thereby the connection between logic programming and logic.

Nonmonotonic Reasoning

Author: Gerhard Brewka

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 1991-01-25

Total Pages: 8

ISBN-13: 9780521383943

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This 1991 book gives an overview of different areas of research in nonmonotonic reasoning. The guiding principles are: clarification of the different research activities in the area and appreciation of the fact that these research activities often represent different means to the same ends, namely sound theoretical foundations and efficient computation.