Monetization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Monetization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries PDF

Author: Mr.Cameron McLoughlin

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2012-06-01

Total Pages: 23

ISBN-13: 1475504659

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The degree of an economy’s monetization, which has an important implication on economic growth, can be affected by the conduct of monetary policy, financial sector reform, and episodes of financial crises. The paper finds that monetization--measured by the ratio of broad money to nominal GDP-- in low- to middle-income countries is significantly correlated with per-capita GDP, real interest rates, and financial sector reform. It suggests that maintaining an upward momentum in monetization can be an important policy objective, particularly for low-income countries, and that monetary and financial sector policies need to be conducive to enhancing monetization.

Monetization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Monetization in Low- and Middle-Income Countries PDF

Author: Mr.Cameron McLoughlin

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2012-06-01

Total Pages: 23

ISBN-13: 1475583176

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The degree of an economy’s monetization, which has an important implication on economic growth, can be affected by the conduct of monetary policy, financial sector reform, and episodes of financial crises. The paper finds that monetization--measured by the ratio of broad money to nominal GDP-- in low- to middle-income countries is significantly correlated with per-capita GDP, real interest rates, and financial sector reform. It suggests that maintaining an upward momentum in monetization can be an important policy objective, particularly for low-income countries, and that monetary and financial sector policies need to be conducive to enhancing monetization.

World Development Report 2021

World Development Report 2021 PDF

Author: World Bank

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2021-06-15

Total Pages: 417

ISBN-13: 1464816018

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Today’s unprecedented growth of data and their ubiquity in our lives are signs that the data revolution is transforming the world. And yet much of the value of data remains untapped. Data collected for one purpose have the potential to generate economic and social value in applications far beyond those originally anticipated. But many barriers stand in the way, ranging from misaligned incentives and incompatible data systems to a fundamental lack of trust. World Development Report 2021: Data for Better Lives explores the tremendous potential of the changing data landscape to improve the lives of poor people, while also acknowledging its potential to open back doors that can harm individuals, businesses, and societies. To address this tension between the helpful and harmful potential of data, this Report calls for a new social contract that enables the use and reuse of data to create economic and social value, ensures equitable access to that value, and fosters trust that data will not be misused in harmful ways. This Report begins by assessing how better use and reuse of data can enhance the design of public policies, programs, and service delivery, as well as improve market efficiency and job creation through private sector growth. Because better data governance is key to realizing this value, the Report then looks at how infrastructure policy, data regulation, economic policies, and institutional capabilities enable the sharing of data for their economic and social benefits, while safeguarding against harmful outcomes. The Report concludes by pulling together the pieces and offering an aspirational vision of an integrated national data system that would deliver on the promise of producing high-quality data and making them accessible in a way that promotes their safe use and reuse. By examining these opportunities and challenges, the Report shows how data can benefit the lives of all people, particularly poor people in low- and middle-income countries. .

Music on the Move

Music on the Move PDF

Author: Danielle Fosler-Lussier

Publisher: University of Michigan Press

Published: 2020-06-10

Total Pages: 323

ISBN-13: 0472901281

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Music is a mobile art. When people move to faraway places, whether by choice or by force, they bring their music along. Music creates a meaningful point of contact for individuals and for groups; it can encourage curiosity and foster understanding; and it can preserve a sense of identity and comfort in an unfamiliar or hostile environment. As music crosses cultural, linguistic, and political boundaries, it continually changes. While human mobility and mediation have always shaped music-making, our current era of digital connectedness introduces new creative opportunities and inspiration even as it extends concerns about issues such as copyright infringement and cultural appropriation. With its innovative multimodal approach, Music on the Move invites readers to listen and engage with many different types of music as they read. The text introduces a variety of concepts related to music’s travels—with or without its makers—including colonialism, migration, diaspora, mediation, propaganda, copyright, and hybridity. The case studies represent a variety of musical genres and styles, Western and non-Western, concert music, traditional music, and popular music. Highly accessible, jargon-free, and media-rich, Music on the Move is suitable for students as well as general-interest readers.

Disinflation in Transition Economies

Disinflation in Transition Economies PDF

Author: Marek Dabrowski

Publisher: Central European University Press

Published: 2003-01-01

Total Pages: 413

ISBN-13: 963386562X

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The authors of this outstanding scholarly work analyze the dynamics of disinflation in transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe. The volume covers all the key factors of this process: changes in money supply and money demand; exchange rate policy; currency crisis; fiscal policy; legal status of central banks; monetary policy strategy; changes in relative prices and changes in nominal and real wages. The book contains 13 chapters related to various aspects of disinflation and covering different sets of transition countries depending on their relevance to the analyzed topic and data availability.

Regional Economic Outlook, April 2017, Sub-Saharan Africa

Regional Economic Outlook, April 2017, Sub-Saharan Africa PDF

Author: Céline Allard

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2017-05-09

Total Pages: 122

ISBN-13: 1475574932

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Growth momentum in sub-Saharan Africa remains fragile, marking a break from the rapid expansion witnessed since the turn of the millennium. 2016 was a difficult year for many countries, with regional growth dipping to 1.4 percent—the lowest level of growth in more than two decades. Most oil exporters were in recession, and conditions in other resource-intensive countries remained difficult. Other nonresource-intensive countries however, continued to grow robustly. A modest recovery in growth of about 2.6 percent is expected in 2017, but this falls short of past trends and is too low to put sub-Saharan Africa back on a path of rising living standards. While sub-Saharan Africa remains a region with tremendous growth potential, the deterioration in the overall outlook partly reflects insufficient policy adjustment. In that context, and to reap this potential, strong and sound domestic policy measures are needed to restart the growth engine.

Regional Economic Outlook, October 2017, Sub-Saharan Africa

Regional Economic Outlook, October 2017, Sub-Saharan Africa PDF

Author: International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2017-11-27

Total Pages: 129

ISBN-13: 1484312511

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Growth in sub-Saharan Africa has recovered relative to 2016, but the momentum is weak and per capita incomes are expected to barely increase. Further, vulnerabilities have risen in many countries, adding to the urgency of implementing the fiscal consolidations planned in most countries and with stepped up efforts to strengthen growth.

Income Inequality

Income Inequality PDF

Author: Mr.Ales Bulir

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 1998-01-01

Total Pages: 35

ISBN-13: 1451928548

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This paper contributes to the income inequality literature that is based on the traditional Kuznets model. Price stability, financial deepening, level of development, state employment, and fiscal redistribution are found to enhance income equality in a given country. While the effect of price stability is uniform for all levels of GDP per capita, the effect of financial deepening is found to increase with the level of development. Moreover, tight monetary policies do not seem to have any austere effects; low inflation reinforces, rather than counteracts, the income-equalizing effect of fiscal redistribution.

Regional Economic Outlook, October 2016, Sub-Saharan Africa

Regional Economic Outlook, October 2016, Sub-Saharan Africa PDF

Author: International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2016-10-25

Total Pages: 140

ISBN-13: 1513595970

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Economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa this year is set to drop to its lowest level in more than 20 years, reflecting the adverse external environment, and a lackluster policy response in many countries. However, the aggregate picture is one of multispeed growth: while most of non-resource-intensive countries—half of the countries in the region—continue to perform well, as they benefit from lower oil prices, an improved business environment, and continued strong infrastructure investment, most commodity exporters are under severe economic strains. This is particularly the case for oil exporters whose near-term prospects have worsened significantly in recent months. Sub-Saharan Africa remains a region of immense economic potential, but policy adjustment in the hardest-hit countries needs to be enacted promptly to allow for a growth rebound.

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