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Metabotropic GPCRs: TGR5 and P2Y Receptors in Health and Diseases

Author: Senthilkumar Rajagopal

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-11-19

Total Pages: 76

ISBN-13: 981131571X

This book will provide current understandings about two ubiquitously expressed metabotropic GPCRs, G-coupled purinoreceptor type 2 (P2Y) and Takeda G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5). G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of proteins implicated in majority of cellular responses. The two receptor sub-families play a central role in many physiological functions as well as in many pathological conditions. This book offers up-to-date information on the physiological functions, signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms of P2Y and TGR5 receptors. In addition, this book provides a comprehensive overview about the abnormalities of P2Y/TGR5 receptors and their contribution in the development and progression of pathological conditions. It also covers the currently available natural, chemical and pharmacological agents targeting these two receptor families and their therapeutic implications in P2Y and TGR5 associated disorders. This book is a valuable source for beginners and researchers to follow the rapidly progressing field of these two GPCR subfamily members.

Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology

Author: Stefan Offermanns

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2008-08-14

Total Pages: 1515

ISBN-13: 3540389164

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An essential text, this is a fully updated second edition of a classic, now in two volumes. It provides rapid access to information on molecular pharmacology for research scientists, clinicians and advanced students. With the A-Z format of over 2,000 entries, around 350 authors provide a complete reference to the area of molecular pharmacology. The book combines the knowledge of classic pharmacology with the more recent approach of the precise analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which drugs exert their effects. Short keyword entries define common acronyms, terms and phrases. In addition, detailed essays provide in-depth information on drugs, cellular processes, molecular targets, techniques, molecular mechanisms, and general principles.

Cerebral Angiogenesis

Author: Richard Milner

Publisher: Humana

Published: 2014-02-09

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781493903191

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Providing a selection of the key techniques that are used in characterizing cerebral angiogenesis, Cerebral Angiogenesis: Methods and Protocols aims to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this important process. Divided into six parts, this detailed volume examines cerebral angiogenesis occurring in different scenarios, a variety of different models in which cerebral angiogenesis can be studied, methods to characterize and quantify angiogenic events as well as several different approaches to measure changes in cerebral blood flow, different approaches to investigate the role of specific candidate genes in cerebral angiogenesis, methods of therapeutically manipulating cerebral angiogenesis by gene delivery, and finally important approaches to examine cerebral angiogenic mechanisms in vitro. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their specific topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and decidedly practical, Cerebral Angiogenesis: Methods and Protocols should be a vital resource for all researchers, both those new to this field as well as those looking to use more specialized and sophisticated techniques to examine blood vessel growth in the brain.

Pain Modulation

Author: Howard L. Fields

Publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company

Published: 1988-01-01

Total Pages: 454

ISBN-13: 9780444809841

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This volume represents edited material that was presented at a conference on brainstem modulation of spinal nociception held in Beaune, France during July, 1987. Pain Modulation, Volume 77 in the series Progress in Brain Research reviews, analyses and suggests new research strategies on several relevant topics including: the endogenous opioid peptides; sites of action of opiates; the role of biogenic animes and non-opioid peptides in analgesia; dorsal horn circuitry; behavioural factors in the activation of pain modulating networks and clinical studies of nociceptive modulation.

Neurological Modulation of Sleep

Author: Ronald Ross Watson

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2020-01-15

Total Pages: 432

ISBN-13: 0128166592

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Neurological Modulation of Sleep provides readers with updated scientific reviews regarding the interaction between sleep and contributing factors, with special attention paid to the potential for neurological modulation of sleep via diet. This book expands the notion of diet and adds an element of physical activity and exercise as well as a chapter on caffeine and its effects on sleep. With 30+ international contributors, this book aims to provide readers with a unique global perspective on the role these factors plays in sleep architecture and its regulation by circadian biology and neurology. Sleep disorders have become an increasing problem plaguing more than 70 million Americans according to the American Sleep Association. There is a clear association between sleep disorder and a wide range of other human disorders –performance deficiencies, psychiatric illnesses, heart disease, obesity and more – but in spite of this there is not yet a convenient overview on the market detailing the impact of obesity, age, diabetes and diet on sleep duration and attendant health outcomes. Describes the impact of diet, caffeine and physical activity on sleep Reviews the neurology and metabolism of sleep Identifies what foods impact sleep and how Discusses the clinical use of nutraceuticals to improve sleep

Structure and Function of GPCRs

Author: Guillaume Lebon

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2019-08-01

Total Pages: 289

ISBN-13: 3030245918

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This book introduces readers to the latest advances in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) biology. It reviews our current understanding of the structural basis of ligand binding and allosteric mechanisms, following a decade of technological breakthroughs. Several examples of structure-based drug discovery are presented, together with the future challenges involved in designing better drugs that target GPCRs. In turn, the book illustrates the important concept of GPCR biased signaling in physiological contexts, and presents fluorescent- and light-based methodologies frequently used to measure GPCR signaling or to trace their dynamics in cells upon ligand activation. Taken together, the chapters provide an essential overview and toolkit for new scientific investigators who plan to develop GPCR projects. All chapters were written by experts in their respective fields, and share valuable insights and powerful methodologies for the GPCR field.

Purinergic Signalling and the Nervous System

Author: Geoffrey Burnstock

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-06-05

Total Pages: 724

ISBN-13: 3642288634

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In the first 20 years that followed the purinergic signalling hypothesis in 1972, most scientists were sceptical about its validity, largely because ATP was so well established as an intracellular molecule involved in cell biochemistry and it seemed unlikely that such a ubiquitous molecule would act as an extracellular signalling molecule. However, after the receptors for ATP and adenosine were cloned and characterized in the early 1990s and ATP was established as a synaptic transmitter in the brain and sympathetic ganglia, the tide turned. More recently it has become clear that ATP is involved in long-term (trophic) signalling in cell proliferation, differentiation and death, in development and regeneration, as well as in short-term signalling in neurotransmission and secretion. Also, important papers have been published showing the molecular structure of P2X receptors in primitive animals like Amoeba and Schistosoma, as well as green algae. This has led to the recognition of the widespread nature of the purinergic signalling system in most cell types and to a rapid expansion of the field, including studies of the pathophysiology as well as physiology and exploration of the therapeutic potential of purinergic agents. In two books, Geoffrey Burnstock and Alexej Verkhratsky have aimed at drawing together the massive and diverse body of literature on purinergic signalling. The topic of this first book is purinergic signalling in the peripheral and central nervous systems and in the individual senses. In a second book the authors focus on purinergic signalling in non-excitable cells, including those of the airways, kidney, pancreas, endocrine glands and blood vessels. Diseases related to these systems are also considered.

Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Amino Acids

Author: Graham Barrett

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 694

ISBN-13: 9400948328

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Amino acids are featured in course syllabuses and in project and research work over a wide spectrum of subject areas in chemistry and biology. Chemists and biochemists using amino acids have many common needs when they turn to the literature for comprehensive information. Among these common interests, analytical studies, in particular, have undergone rapid development in recent years. All other chemical and biochemical aspects of amino acids - synthesis, properties and reactions, preparation of derivatives for use in peptide synthesis, racemization and other fundamental mechanistic knowledge - have been the subject of vigorous progress. This book offers a thorough treatment of all these developing areas, and is structured in the belief that biochemists, physiologists and others will profit from access to information on topics such as the physical chemistry of amino acid solutions, as well as from thorough coverage of amino acid metabolism, biosynthesis and enzyme inhibition; and that chemists will find relevant material in biological areas as well as in the analysis, synthesis and reactions of amino acids.

Role of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Smooth Muscle

Author: Derek J. Chadwick

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2002-08-02

Total Pages: 304

ISBN-13:

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Smooth muscle contraction is a vital component of the functioning of blood vessels, the uterus, airways and the bladder. Its malfunction can lead to serious pathological conditions, such as hypertension and pre-term labour. The calcium ion plays a central role in smooth muscle function, increasing in concentration for contraction and decreasing for relaxation. Calcium entry into the cell is facilitated by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). This book explores the latest research on the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in smooth muscle function. It examines the control and modulation of the SR and how this may vary among smooth muscle types. Potential therapeutic implications are also discussed. Discusses new and exciting work in this area and identifies promising new research directions. Considers the advances in this relatively unexplored field, offering new insights into the role of the SR muscle. Brings together contributions from key workers, both in basic and clinical science, whose studies range from physiological to pathological and molecular to whole animal.

Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense System

Author: Peter R. Kvietys

Publisher: Biota Publishing

Published: 2014-11-01

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13: 1615041486

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The gastrointestinal mucosal defense system serves to minimize mucosal injury by either ingested or endogenously produced noxious substances. The mucosal defense system is stratified into pre-epithelial (alkaline mucus), epithelial (dynamic epithelial lining), and post-epithelial (microcirculation) components. The mucus lining the epithelial surface presents a diffusional barrier to ingested material (e.g., lipids) and also serves as an unstirred layer in which a pH gradient can be established to prevent acid-induced injury. The epithelial lining prevents entrance of any toxic material to the interstitium and, should it be damaged, it is rapidly resealed by migration of adjacent viable epithelial cells to cover the defect. Any acid or other material that has entered the interstitium is washed out by an intense neurogenic hyperemia. In general, the mucosal defense system is quite effective and any adverse gastrointestinal effects associated with the normal course of nutrient assimilation are minimal. However, there are two situations in which the mucosal defense system is known to be ineffective and result in gastric mucosal injury: inadvertent ingestion of H. pylori. or intentional ingestion of NSAIDs. H. pylori can penetrate the mucus layers and cause epithelial injury and inflammation, while at the same time preventing its clearance by the host immune system. NSAIDs weaken the mucus layer and cause epithelial cell injury. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / Introduction / The Mucus Layer / Epithelial Lining / Gastrointestinal Circulation / Integration of Mucosal Defense / Mucosal Defense System: Physiologic / Mucosal Defense System: H. pylori / Mucosal Defense System: Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) / Overall Summary and Conclusions / References / Author Biographies