Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior

Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior PDF

Author: Robert C. Eaton

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 1984-10

Total Pages: 408

ISBN-13: 9780306415562

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In the past fifteen years there has been considerable interest in neural circuits that initiate behavior patterns. For many types of behaviors, this involves decision-making circuits whose primary elements are neither purely sensory nor motor, but represent a higher order of neural pro cessing. Of the large number of studies on such systems, analyses of startle circuits compose a major portion, and have been carried out on systems found throughout the animal kingdom. Startle has been an im portant model because of the reliability of the behavioral act for laboratory study and the accessibility of the underlying neural circuitry. However, probably because of the breadth of the subject, this material has never been reviewed in a comprehensive way that presents the elements com mon to startle circuits in the different animal systems in which they occur. This book presents a diversity of approaches based on a broad back ground of animal groups ranging from the earliest nervous systems in cnidarians to the most recently evolved and advanced in mammals. The behaviors themselves are all short latency, fast motor acts, when consid ered on the time scale of the organism, and involve avoidance or evasion, although in some cases we do not yet completely understand their natural role. These behaviors occur in response to stimuli that have sudden or unexpected onset.

Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior

Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior PDF

Author: Robert C. Eaton

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-11-11

Total Pages: 387

ISBN-13: 1489922865

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In the past fifteen years there has been considerable interest in neural circuits that initiate behavior patterns. For many types of behaviors, this involves decision-making circuits whose primary elements are neither purely sensory nor motor, but represent a higher order of neural pro cessing. Of the large number of studies on such systems, analyses of startle circuits compose a major portion, and have been carried out on systems found throughout the animal kingdom. Startle has been an im portant model because of the reliability of the behavioral act for laboratory study and the accessibility of the underlying neural circuitry. However, probably because of the breadth of the subject, this material has never been reviewed in a comprehensive way that presents the elements com mon to startle circuits in the different animal systems in which they occur. This book presents a diversity of approaches based on a broad back ground of animal groups ranging from the earliest nervous systems in cnidarians to the most recently evolved and advanced in mammals. The behaviors themselves are all short latency, fast motor acts, when consid ered on the time scale of the organism, and involve avoidance or evasion, although in some cases we do not yet completely understand their natural role. These behaviors occur in response to stimuli that have sudden or unexpected onset.

Mechanisms of the Startle Response

Mechanisms of the Startle Response PDF

Author: Sadie Rose Marvel

Publisher:

Published: 2018

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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The startle response is a reflexive behavior exhibited by animals as a reaction to threatening stimuli, such as a loud noise or sudden movement. Fish and amphibians exhibit a distinct startle behavior known as a "C-start" that allows them to swim in the opposite direction of a sensory stimulus in order to escape. This action is mediated, in part, by a pair of hindbrain neurons called M-cells. Along with other hindbrain neurons, M-cells relay information from sensory systems to the spinal cord where a motor output is produced. Here, we recorded local field potentials generated by the M-cells and neighboring neurons in the Xenopus laevis tadpole in order to understand the activity of local circuits surrounding the M-cell when it receives visual input from the optic tectum. We described 5 major components of the local field potentials that may correspond to activity from different populations of neurons. We also used pharmacological blockers to determine the influence of different types of transmission on the components. Finally, we looked at the effects of behavioral plasticity on these five components, and showed that habituation to acoustic stimuli had an effect on the mean amplitudes of them. This suggests that these networks may be involved in modulating M-cell activity in response to prolonged sensory stimulation. All together, our findings help us better understand the local circuitry involved in startle response in tadpoles, and how the activity of this circuitry is shaped by behavioral plasticity.

Cellular Mechanisms of Startle Response

Cellular Mechanisms of Startle Response PDF

Author: Stefanie Rachel Walker

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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One of the most important decisions an organism can make is how it will respond to a potential predator. One of the more studied mechanisms of startle response is in teleost fish and amphibians, which is mediated by a pair of neurons known as the Mauthner cells (M-cells). These M-cells are responsible for the left and right turning in response to potentially dangerous stimuli, via linking sensory processing in the brain to motor output in the spinal cord. In this study, I explore the properties of the local field potentials (LFPs) generated by the M-cell and its surrounding inputs to better understand the cellular mechanisms of the startle response. In particular, I identified what components of the LFP were consistent across brains, and then pharmacologically blocked different synaptic receptors to determine the nature and origin of LFP components. The results of this study yielded four notable findings: (1) in addition to chemical transmission, electrical signals are responsible for part of the main excitatory component of the LFP; (2) there is an early excitatory component that is entirely pre-synaptic; (3) the NMDA receptors of this network contribute to the timing and efficiency of the main spiking component; (4) there are potentially additional excitatory inputs contributing to the latter excitation of the LFP. The results of this study can be used as a foundation for further exploration of the M-Cell system in Xenopus tadpoles.

Emotions and Affect in Human Factors and Human-Computer Interaction

Emotions and Affect in Human Factors and Human-Computer Interaction PDF

Author: Myounghoon Jeon

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2017-05-17

Total Pages: 624

ISBN-13: 0128018798

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Emotions and Affect in Human Factors and Human–Computer Interaction is a complete guide for conducting affect-related research and design projects in H/F and HCI domains. Introducing necessary concepts, methods, approaches, and applications, the book highlights how critical emotions and affect are to everyday life and interaction with cognitive artifacts. The text covers the basis of neural mechanisms of affective phenomena, as well as representative approaches to Affective Computing, Kansei Engineering, Hedonomics, and Emotional Design. The methodologies section includes affect induction techniques, measurement techniques, detection and recognition techniques, and regulation models and strategies. The application chapters discuss various H/F and HCI domains: product design, human–robot interaction, behavioral health and game design, and transportation. Engineers and designers can learn and apply psychological theories and mechanisms to account for their affect-related research and can develop their own domain-specific theory. The approach outlined in this handbook works to close the existing gap between the traditional affect research and the emerging field of affective design and affective computing. Provides a theoretical background of affective sciences Demonstrates diverse affect induction methods in actual research settings Describes sensing technologies, such as brain–computer interfaces, facial expression detection, and more Covers emotion modeling and its application to regulation processes Includes case studies and applied examples in a variety of H/F and HCI application areas Addresses emerging interdisciplinary areas including Positive Technology, Subliminal Perception, Physiological Computing, and Aesthetic Computing

Attention and Orienting

Attention and Orienting PDF

Author: Peter J. Lang

Publisher: Psychology Press

Published: 2013-04-15

Total Pages: 510

ISBN-13: 1135808201

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Orienting is the gateway to attention, the first step in processing stimulus information. This volume examines these initial stages of information intake, focusing on the sensory and motivational mechanisms that determine such phenomena as stimulus selection and inhibition, habituation, pre-attentive processing, and expectancy. Psychophysiological methods are emphasized throughout. The contributors consider analyses based on cardiovascular and electrodermal changes, reflex reactions, and neural events in the cortex and subcortex. Stimulated by a conference lauding Frances Graham -- held before and during a recent meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, the book presents current theory and research by an international cadre of outstanding investigators. A major researcher and theorist in the field of attention for more than three decades, Dr. Graham contributes an Afterword to the present volume which is both a consideration of the work which has gone before, and a new, original theory paper on preattentive processing and attention.

Experimental Methods in Neuropsychology

Experimental Methods in Neuropsychology PDF

Author: Kenneth Hugdahl

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 1461511631

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The present volume aims at presenting a selection of new methods and techniques that may have value for clinical neuropsychology. There is an increasing interest among clinical neuropsychologists regarding new developments in cognitive neuroscience and experimental psychology. This book presents an updated view of recent methodological developments in experimental psychology and clinical neuroscience.

The Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders

The Cambridge Handbook of Anxiety and Related Disorders PDF

Author: Bunmi O. Olatunji

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2019-01-03

Total Pages: 1339

ISBN-13: 1108140599

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This Handbook surveys existing descriptive and experimental approaches to the study of anxiety and related disorders, emphasizing the provision of empirically-guided suggestions for treatment. Based upon the findings from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the chapters collected here highlight contemporary approaches to the classification, presentation, etiology, assessment, and treatment of anxiety and related disorders. The collection also considers a biologically-informed framework for the understanding of mental disorders proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). The RDoC has begun to create a new kind of taxonomy for mental disorders by bringing the power of modern research approaches in genetics, neuroscience, and behavioral science to the problem of mental illness. The framework is a key focus for this book as an authoritative reference for researchers and clinicians.

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