Mesozoic Birds

Mesozoic Birds PDF

Author: Luis M. Chiappe

Publisher: Univ of California Press

Published: 2002-12-05

Total Pages: 534

ISBN-13: 0520200942

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"Mesozoic Birds is the first book to bring together world-renowned specialists on fossil birds and their importance to avian origins and, more importantly, it stresses a unified approach (cladistics) and presents the most anatomically detailed analyses available to date. No other study or collection of studies has ever done so much. How could the project not be welcomed by its audience of paleontologists, ornithologists, and evolutionary biologists!"—David Weishampel, editor of The Dinosauria "This is the first comprehensive volume dedicated to the relationships and evolution of the birds that lived during the Age of Dinosaurs. Its wealth of information and its diversity of viewpoints will ensure that this indispensable volume is used and discussed for many years to come."—Kevin Padian, University of California, Berkeley

Understanding Complex Ecosystem Dynamics

Understanding Complex Ecosystem Dynamics PDF

Author: William S. Yackinous

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2015-06-03

Total Pages: 435

ISBN-13: 0128020636

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Understanding Complex Ecosystem Dynamics: A Systems and Engineering Perspective takes a fresh, interdisciplinary perspective on complex system dynamics, beginning with a discussion of relevant systems and engineering skills and practices, including an explanation of the systems approach and its major elements. From this perspective, the author formulates an ecosystem dynamics functionality-based framework to guide ecological investigations. Next, because complex system theory (across many subject matter areas) is crucial to the work of this book, relevant network theory, nonlinear dynamics theory, cellular automata theory, and roughness (fractal) theory is covered in some detail. This material serves as an important resource as the book proceeds. In the context of all of the foregoing discussion and investigation, a view of the characteristics of ecological network dynamics is constructed. This view, in turn, is the basis for the central hypothesis of the book, i.e., ecological networks are ever-changing networks with propagation dynamics that are punctuated, local-to-global, and perhaps most importantly fractal. To analyze and fully test this hypothesis, an innovative ecological network dynamics model is defined, designed, and developed. The modeling approach, which seeks to emulate features of real-world ecological networks, does not make a priori assumptions about ecological network dynamics, but rather lets the dynamics develop as the model simulation runs. Model analysis results corroborate the central hypothesis. Additional important insights and principles are suggested by the model analysis results and by the other supporting investigations of this book – and can serve as a basis for going-forward complex system dynamics research, not only for ecological systems but for complex systems in general. Provides a fresh interdisciplinary perspective, offers a broad integrated development, and contains many new ideas Clearly explains the elements of the systems approach and applies them throughout the book Takes on the challenging and open issues of complex system network dynamics Develops and utilizes a new, innovative ecosystem dynamics modeling approach Contains over 135 graphic illustrations to help the reader visualize and understand important concepts

Macroevolution

Macroevolution PDF

Author: Emanuele Serrelli

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-02-13

Total Pages: 407

ISBN-13: 3319150456

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This book is divided in two parts, the first of which shows how, beyond paleontology and systematics, macroevolutionary theories apply key insights from ecology and biogeography, developmental biology, biophysics, molecular phylogenetics and even the sociocultural sciences to explain evolution in deep time. In the second part, the phenomenon of macroevolution is examined with the help of real life-history case studies on the evolution of eukaryotic sex, the formation of anatomical form and body-plans, extinction and speciation events of marine invertebrates, hominin evolution and species conservation ethics. The book brings together leading experts, who explain pivotal concepts such as Punctuated Equilibria, Stasis, Developmental Constraints, Adaptive Radiations, Habitat Tracking, Turnovers, (Mass) Extinctions, Species Sorting, Major Transitions, Trends and Hierarchies – key premises that allow macroevolutionary epistemic frameworks to transcend microevolutionary theories that focus on genetic variation, selection, migration and fitness. Along the way, the contributing authors review ongoing debates and current scientific challenges; detail new and fascinating scientific tools and techniques that allow us to cross the classic borders between disciplines; demonstrate how their theories make it possible to extend the Modern Synthesis; present guidelines on how the macroevolutionary field could be further developed; and provide a rich view of just how it was that life evolved across time and space. In short, this book is a must-read for active scholars and because the technical aspects are fully explained, it is also accessible for non-specialists. Understanding evolution requires a solid grasp of above-population phenomena. Species are real biological individuals and abiotic factors impact the future course of evolution. Beyond observation, when the explanation of macroevolution is the goal, we need both evidence and theory that enable us to explain and interpret how life evolves at the grand scale.

Macroevolution

Macroevolution PDF

Author: Steven M. Stanley

Publisher:

Published: 1998

Total Pages: 382

ISBN-13:

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"Not only is a wealth of evidence presented to support the model of punctuated equilibria, but Stanley's stream of refreshing insights into classic topics of evolution, such as living fossils, mass extinctions and adaptive radiations add further weight to the validity of the general model".--GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. "Overall, Stanley offers an imaginative treatment of almost every issue in macroevolution".--AMERICAN SCIENTIST. 192 illustrations.

Macroevolutionary Consequences of Trophic Specialization

Macroevolutionary Consequences of Trophic Specialization PDF

Author: Samuel Robert Borstein

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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One of the central issues limiting progress towards a generalized theory of biological organization involves integrating the interplay of current ecological conditions with long-term macroevolutionary dynamics. Trophic ecology has long been known to be a strong force in shaping biological diversity for all organisms, with its central tenet being the procurement of resources for survival. Though trophic ecology is well known to effect evolutionary trajectories, few studies have explicitly tested hypotheses related to the effects of diet on macroevolutionary patterns at deep phylogenetic scales. Here, I investigate the interaction between trophic ecology and macroevolution using acanthomorph fishes as a model.My first two chapters introduce R packages that were used to conduct the research in chapters three and four. In my first chapter I introduce a new R, AnnotationBustR, which extracts sequences from GenBank annotations. The second chapter highlights dietr, an R package that calculates fractional trophic levels from quantitative and qualitative diet data. Chapter three investigates the effect of trophic level and diet breadth in promoting or constraining phenotypic evolution and functional diversity in coral reef acanthomorphs. My final chapter test the macroevolutionary consequences of an evolutionary innovation related to trophic resource use, pharyngognathy, testing if it does in fact increase diversification rates and promote trophic evolution as previously hypothesized. Overall, my dissertation highlights how trophic specialists may not be constrained in their morphology and the importance of adequately testing proposed evolutionary innovations using phylogenetic comparative methods.

Macro Innovation Dynamics and the Golden Age

Macro Innovation Dynamics and the Golden Age PDF

Author: Paul J. J. Welfens

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2017-02-16

Total Pages: 163

ISBN-13: 3319503677

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This book takes a new look at the golden age in neoclassical growth theory and explores in detail sustainability and optimum growth in China, the US and Europe. Innovation, foreign direct investment, trade and growth dynamics are key elements in modern economies – including perspectives on green growth and aspects of the knowledge production function in the context of multinational companies. As such the book considers the role of foreign direct investment in a modified growth model and discusses innovation in an enhanced Mundell-Fleming macro model. Moreover, for the first time it directly links a knowledge production function to the macro production function in a broader context, including real money balances in the production function. It shows – also with empirical relevance – that FDI inward stocks relative to the GDP of host countries, the number of researchers and per capita income are relevant drivers of new knowledge and the stock of knowledge, respectively. This new Schumpeterian theoretical approach lends itself to important policy conclusions for both OECD members and newly industrialized countries.