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Lithium metal stabilization for next-generation lithium-based batteries: from fundamental chemistry to advanced characterization and effective protection

Author: Yu Yan

Publisher: OAE Publishing Inc.

Published: 2023-01-11

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13:

Lithium (Li) metal-based rechargeable batteries hold significant promise to meet the ever-increasing demands for portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage, making them the optimal alternatives for next-generation secondary batteries. Nevertheless, Li metal anodes currently suffer from major drawbacks, including safety concerns, capacity decay and lifespan degradation, which arise from uncontrollable dendrite growth, notorious side reactions and infinite volume variation, thereby limiting their current practical application. Numerous critical endeavors from different perspectives have been dedicated to developing highly stable Li metal anodes. Herein, a comprehensive overview of Li metal anodes regarding fundamental mechanisms, scientific challenges, characterization techniques, theoretical investigations and advanced strategies is systematically presented. First, the basic working principles of Li metal-based batteries are introduced. Specific attention is then paid to the fundamental understanding of and challenges facing Li metal anodes. Accordingly, advanced characterization approaches and theoretical computations are introduced to understand the fundamental mechanisms of dendrite growth and parasitic reactions. Recent key progress in Li anode protection is then comprehensively summarized and categorized to generate an overview of the respective superiorities and limitations of the various strategies. Furthermore, this review concludes the remaining obstacles and potential research directions for inspiring the innovation of Li metal anodes and endeavors to accomplish the practical application of next-generation Li-based batteries.

Materials Design and Fundamental Understanding of Lithium Metal Anode for Next-generation Batteries

Author: Yayuan Liu

Publisher:

Published: 2018

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Lithium batteries profoundly impact our society, from portable electronics to the electrification of transportation and even to grid−scale energy storage for intermittent renewable energies. In order to achieve much higher energy density than the state−of−the−art, new battery chemistries are currently being actively investigated. Among all the possible material choices, metallic lithium is the ultimate candidate for battery anode, thanks to its highest theoretical capacity. Therefore, after falling into oblivion for several decades due to safety concerns, metallic Li is now ready for a revival. In the first chapter, I introduce the working mechanisms and limitations of the state−of−the−art battery chemistries and provide an overview of promising new battery chemistries based on metallic lithium anode. The current status of lithium metal anode research is also comprehensively summarized. In the second chapter, I discuss one particular failure mode of metallic lithium anode that has long been overlooked by the battery community, which is the infinite relative volume change of the electrode during cycling. To tackle this problem, novel three−dimensional lithium metal−host material composite designs will be demonstrated. Chapter three focuses on further improving the electrochemical performance of three−dimensional lithium metal anodes with surface coatings. Two examples of lithium metal coatings are given, which have been demonstrated effective for protecting reactive lithium from parasitic reactions with liquid electrolytes and mechanically suppressing nonuniform lithium deposition morphology. Chapter four discusses how the physiochemical properties of the solid−electrolyte interphase, dictated by electrolyte composition, affect the electrochemical behavior of metallic lithium. A special electrolyte additive has been discovered to enable high efficiency lithium cycling in carbonate−based electrolytes used exclusively in almost all commercial lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the mechanisms behind the improved performance have been studied based on the structure, ion−transport properties, and charge−transfer kinetics of the modified interfacial environment using advanced characterization techniques. In Chapter five, I explore a paradigm shift in designing solid−state lithium metal batteries based on three−dimensional lithium architecture and a flowable interfacial layer. The new design concept can be generally applied to various solid electrolyte systems and the resulting solid-state batteries are capable of high−capacity, high−power operations. In the final part of the dissertation, I present my perspectives and outlooks for the future research in this field. The commercialization of high−energy and safe batteries based on lithium metal chemistry requires continuous efforts in various aspects, including electrode design, electrolyte engineering, development of advanced characterization/diagnosis technologies, full−battery engineering, and possible sensor design for safe battery operation, etc. Ultimately, the combinations of various approaches might be required to make lithium metal anode a viable technology.

High-energy Batteries Based on Lithium Metal Chemistry

Author: Dingchang Lin

Publisher:

Published: 2018

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Lithium batteries have profoundly impacted our daily life, with extensive applications in portable electronics, electrical automotive and grid−scale energy storage applications. In order to achieve much higher energy density than the state−of−the−art, chemistries beyond Li−ion are currently being investigated and need to be made viable for commercial applications. Using metallic Li is among the most prominent choices for next−generation Li batteries, such as Li−S and Li−air systems. After falling into oblivion for several decades because of safety concerns, metallic Li is now ready for a revival. In this talk, I will present my fundamental studies on the failure mechanisms of Li metal, as well as the rational material designs to tackle the problems. In the first chapter, the backgrounds regarding lithium battery research will be introduced. More specifically, the basic principles and the current stages of lithium battery, the future direction of its development, the chemistries at the battery electrode interfaces, and the failure mechanisms will be thoroughly discussed. These aspects lay the foundation for the research presented in this dissertation. In the second chapter, I will present the new findings and fundamental understandings on Li metal failure mechanisms. In the studies, infinite relative volume change of the conventional lithium metal electrode was first identified to be a key contributor to its failure. Then, the failure was further studied from the corrosion points of view, where a new corrosion pathway was identified as the dominant origin of the corrosion in the long term. In addition, typical Kirkendall voids were observed in the corroded Li. The findings were further rationalized by detailed analysis of solid electrolyte interphase formed on the surfaces. In the third part, I presented our efforts in stabilizing Li metal anode by Adv. Mater. development. Based on the new understandings presented in Chapter 2, the stable "host" design for Li metal was proposed and demonstrated. Interfacial modification technology was also developed to further stabilize the electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The two methodologies were proven to be very powerful in stabilizing Li metal. In the next part, battery safety issue was tackled by materials design in advanced battery separators and solid−state electrolytes, both of which were prominent for future batteries employing high energy battery chemistries. On one hand, strong separators with Li dendrite sensing function was developed. On the other hand, solid−state electrolytes with highly improved ionic conductivity and modulus were demonstrated. In the final part of the dissertation, I will present my perspectives and outlooks for the future research in this field. To commercialize the high−energy and safe batteries based on Li metal chemistry requires continuous efforts in various aspects, including electrode design, electrolyte engineering, development of advanced characterization/diagnosis technologies, full−battery engineering, and possible sensor design for safe battery operation, etc. Ultimately, the combinations of various approaches might be required to make Li metal anode a viable technology.

Lithium Metal Anodes and Rechargeable Lithium Metal Batteries

Author: Ji-Guang Zhang

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-10-06

Total Pages: 206

ISBN-13: 3319440543

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This book provides comprehensive coverage of Lithium (Li) metal anodes for rechargeable batteries. Li is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mAh g-1), low density (0.59 g cm-3), and the lowest negative electrochemical potential (−3.040 V vs. standard hydrogenelectrodes). Unfortunately, uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during Li deposition/stripping inherent in these batteries have prevented their practical applications over the past 40 years. With the emergence of post Liion batteries, safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes has become an enabling technology which may determine the fate of several promising candidates for the next generation energy storage systems, including rechargeable Li-air batteries, Li-S batteries, and Li metal batteries which utilize intercalation compounds as cathodes. In this work, various factors that affect the morphology and Coulombic efficiency of Li anodes are analyzed. The authors also present the technologies utilized to characterize the morphology of Li deposition and the results obtained by modeling of Li dendrite growth. Finally, recent developments, especially the new approaches that enable safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes at high current densities are reviewed. The urgent need and perspectives in this field are also discussed. The fundamental understanding and approaches presented in this work will be critical for the applicationof Li metal anodes. The general principles and approaches can also be used in other metal electrodes and general electrochemical deposition of metal films.

Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Energy Storage and Conversion

Author: Qiang Zhen

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2019-10-24

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9783662586730

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Volume 3 of a 4-volume series is a concise, authoritative and an eminently readable and enjoyable experience related to lithium ion battery design, characterization and usage for portable and stationary power. Although the major focus is on lithium metal oxides or transition metal oxide as alloys, the discussion of fossil fuels is also presented where appropriate. This monograph is written by recognized experts in the field, and is both timely and appropriate as this decade will see application of lithium as an energy carrier, for example in the transportation sector. This Volume focuses on the fundamentals related to batteries using the latest research in the field of battery physics, chemistry, and electrochemistry. The research summarised in this book by leading experts is laid out in an easy-to-understand format to enable the layperson to grasp the essence of the technology, its pitfalls and current challenges in high-power Lithium battery research. After introductory remarks on policy and battery safety, a series of monographs are offered related to fundamentals of lithium batteries, including, theoretical modeling, simulation and experimental techniques used to characterize electrode materials, both at the material composition, and also at the device level. The different properties specific to each component of the batteries are discussed in order to offer tradeoffs between power and energy density, energy cycling, safety and where appropriate end-of-life disposal. Parameters affecting battery performance and cost, longevity using newer metal oxides, different electrolytes are also reviewed in the context of safety concerns and in relation to the solid-electrolyte interface. Separators, membranes, solid-state electrolytes, and electrolyte additives are also reviewed in light of safety, recycling, and high energy endurance issues. The book is intended for a wide audience, such as scientists who are new to the field, practitioners, as well as students in the STEM and STEP fields, as well as students working on batteries. The sections on safety and policy would be of great interest to engineers and technologists who want to obtain a solid grounding in the fundamentals of battery science arising from the interaction of electrochemistry, solid-state materials science, surfaces, and interfaces.

Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries

Author: Jianmin Ma

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2022-02-09

Total Pages: 299

ISBN-13: 3527836381

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Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries An of-the-moment treatment of liquid electrolytes used in lithium metal batteries Considered by many as the most-promising next-generation batteries, lithium metal batteries have grown in popularity due to their low potential and high capacity. Crucial to the development of this technology, electrolytes can provide efficient electrode electrolyte interfaces, assuring the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. The quality of electrode electrolyte interphase, in turn, directly governs the performance of batteries. In Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry, provides a comprehensive look at the current understanding and status of research regarding liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Offering an introduction to lithium-based batteries from development history to their working mechanisms, the book further offers a glimpse at modification strategies of anode electrolyte interphases and cathode electrolytic interphases. More, by discussing the high-voltage electrolytes from their solvents—organic solvents and ionic liquids—to electrolyte additives, the text provides a thorough understanding on liquid electrolyte chemistry in the remit of lithium metal batteries. Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries readers will also find: A unique focus that reviews the development of liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries State-of-the-art progress and development of electrolytes for lithium metal batteries Consideration of safety, focusing the design principles of flame retardant and non-flammable electrolytes Principles and progress on low temperature and high temperature electrolytes Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries is a useful reference for electrochemists, solid state chemists, inorganic chemists, physical chemists, surface chemists, materials scientists, and the libraries that supply them.

Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Author: Rachid Yazami

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2013-10-08

Total Pages: 452

ISBN-13: 9814364231

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This book covers the most recent advances in the science and technology of nanostructured materials for lithium-ion application. With contributions from renowned scientists and technologists, the chapters discuss state-of-the-art research on nanostructured anode and cathode materials, some already used in commercial batteries and others still in de

Recent advances in lithiophilic materials: material design and prospects for lithium metal anode application

Author: Jiaxiang Liu

Publisher: OAE Publishing Inc.

Published: 2023-05-19

Total Pages: 27

ISBN-13:

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The rapid development of electronic technology and energy industry promotes the increasing desire for energy storage systems with high energy density, thus calling for the exploration of lithium metal anode. However, the enormous challenges, such as uncontrollable lithium deposition, side reaction, infinite volume change and dendrite generation, hinders its application. To address these problems, the deposition behavior of lithium must be exactly controlled and the anode/electrolyte interface must be stabilized. The deposition of lithium is a multi-step process influenced by multi-physical fields, where nucleation is the key to final morphology. Hence, increasing investigations have focused on the employment of lithiophilic materials that can regulate lithium nucleation in recent years. The lithiophilic materials introduced into the deposition hosts or solid electrolyte interphases can regulate the nucleation overpotential and facilitate uniform deposition. However, the concept of lithiophilicity is still undefined and the mechanism is still unrevealed. In this review, the recent advances in the regulation mechanisms of lithiophilicity are discussed, and the applications of lithiophilic materials in hosts and protective interphases are summarized. The in-depth exploration of lithiophilic materials can enhance our understanding of the deposition behavior of lithium and pave the way for practical lithium metal batteries.

Recent progress on metal-organic framework derived carbon and their composites as anode materials for potassium-ion batteries

Author: Lei Yang

Publisher: OAE Publishing Inc.

Published: 2023-10-08

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13:

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Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their abundant potassium resources, cost-effectiveness, and comparable electrochemical performance to LIBs. However, the practical application of PIBs is hindered by the slow dynamics and large volume expansion of anode materials. Owing to their unique morphology, rich pores, abundant active sites, and tunable composition, metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived carbon and its composites have been widely studied and developed as PIB anodes. In this review, the basic configuration, performance evaluation indicators, and energy storage mechanisms of PIBs were first introduced, followed by a comprehensive summary of the research progress in MOF-derived carbon and its composites, especially the design strategies and different types of composites. Moreover, the advances of in situ characterization techniques to understand the electrochemical mechanism during potassiation/depotassiation were also highlighted, which is crucial for the directional optimization of the electrochemical performance of PIBs. Finally, the challenges and development prospects of MOF-derived carbon and its composites for PIBs are prospected. It is envisioned that this review will guide and inspire more research efforts toward advanced MOF-derived PIB anode materials in the future.

Theoretical Study on Graphite and Lithium Metal as Anode Materials for Next-Generation Rechargeable Batteries

Author: Gabin Yoon

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-07-08

Total Pages: 75

ISBN-13: 9811389144

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This thesis describes in-depth theoretical efforts to understand the reaction mechanism of graphite and lithium metal as anodes for next-generation rechargeable batteries. The first part deals with Na intercalation chemistry in graphite, whose understanding is crucial for utilizing graphite as an anode for Na-ion batteries. The author demonstrates that Na ion intercalation in graphite is thermodynamically unstable because of the unfavorable Na-graphene interaction. To address this issue, the inclusion of screening moieties, such as solvents, is suggested and proven to enable reversible Na-solvent cointercalation in graphite. Furthermore, the author provides the correlation between the intercalation behavior and the properties of solvents, suggesting a general strategy to tailor the electrochemical intercalation chemistry. The second part addresses the Li dendrite growth issue, which is preventing practical application of Li metal anodes. A continuum mechanics study considering various experimental conditions reveals the origins of irregular growth of Li metal. The findings provide crucial clues for developing effective counter strategies to control the Li metal growth, which will advance the application of high-energy-density Li metal anodes.