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Tsuda Umeko and Women's Education in Japan

Author: Barbara Rose

Publisher: Yale University Press

Published: 1992-01-01

Total Pages: 246

ISBN-13: 9780300051773

Tsuda Umeko was one of five young Japanese girls sent to the United States in 1871 by their government to be trained in the lore of domesticity. The new Meiji rulers defined a "true woman" as one who had learned to rear children who would be loyal and obedient to the state, and they looked to the "superior culture" of the West as the place to obtain such training. Eleven years later, Tsuda returned to Japan and presented herself as an authority on female education and women's roles. After some frustration and another trip to America to attend Bryn Mawr College, she established one of the first schools in Japan to offer middle-class women a higher education. This readable biography sets her life and achievements in the context of the women's movements and the ideology of female domesticity in America and Japan at the turn of the century. Barbara Rose presents Tsuda Umeko's experiences as illustrative of the profound contradictions and ironies behind Japan's changing views of women and the West. Tsuda was sent abroad to absorb what could be of benefit to Japanese women, but she was denied any official distinction on her return to Japan both because she was female and because the Western culture she had adopted was no longer in favor. In Japan, Tsuda had to adapt to the increasingly narrow confines of the official definition of the domestic ideal as the only proper role for women. By characterizing women's work in the home as a vocation and by expanding women's educational horizons, Tsuda and others of her generation hoped to enhance women's self-respect and gain for them a measure of independence. But domesticity , though empowering, was finally limiting; it restricted women to a life within the imposed boundaries of a single sphere of action.

Lifestyle Preferences of a New Generation of College Educated Japanese Women

Author: Linda L. Halinski

Publisher:

Published: 1991

Total Pages: 334

ISBN-13:

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Factors Influencing Japanese Women to Choose Two-Year Colleges

Author: Shinobu Anzai

Publisher:

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 22

ISBN-13:

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Two-year colleges in Japan have traditionally absorbed the major portion of female college entrants due at least partially to long-held gender stereotypes: women are to prepare themselves for marriage and homemaking at a two-year college. Recently, Japanese women began to explore selfhood outside the traditional realm of motherhood and womanhood. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether traditional gender stereotypes continue to influence the decision of Japanese female students as to whether to pursue a two-year college education. A sample of 214 Japanese female students currently enrolled in a two-year college participated in this study. The 18-item survey questionnaire was developed to examine factors perceived influential by Japanese women on their decision to choose a two-year college. The items were adopted based on a review of literature pertinent to gender-roles and women in higher education in Japan, and the government surveys on Japanese women's life course plans. This study employed SPSS for analyzing the data collected through the survey questionnaire. Factor analysis extracted three factors: Traditional Gender Expectations, Career and Marriage and Career Interests. Students in this study ranked Career Interests highest, followed by Traditional Gender Expectations and Career and Marriage. The results suggest that women's choice of two-year college was based first on their concern for job and financial security, second for marriage and family and third for the dual goals of pursuing both a career and marriage and family. While women in the present study uphold traditional roles, building career and financial independence are stronger reasons for their college choice. Two-year college administrators and faculty need to carefully consider the factors underlying women's decision to chose a two-year college, and evaluate whether the role of two-year colleges is satisfactorily meeting the expectations of contemporary women. (Contains 3 tables.).

Daughters of the Samurai: A Journey from East to West and Back

Author: Janice P. Nimura

Publisher: W. W. Norton & Company

Published: 2015-05-04

Total Pages: 306

ISBN-13: 0393248240

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A Seattle Times Best Book of the Year A Buzzfeed Best Nonfiction Book of the Year "Nimura paints history in cinematic strokes and brings a forgotten story to vivid, unforgettable life." —Arthur Golden, author of Memoirs of a Geisha In 1871, five young girls were sent by the Japanese government to the United States. Their mission: learn Western ways and return to help nurture a new generation of enlightened men to lead Japan. Raised in traditional samurai households during the turmoil of civil war, three of these unusual ambassadors—Sutematsu Yamakawa, Shige Nagai, and Ume Tsuda—grew up as typical American schoolgirls. Upon their arrival in San Francisco they became celebrities, their travels and traditional clothing exclaimed over by newspapers across the nation. As they learned English and Western customs, their American friends grew to love them for their high spirits and intellectual brilliance. The passionate relationships they formed reveal an intimate world of cross-cultural fascination and connection. Ten years later, they returned to Japan—a land grown foreign to them—determined to revolutionize women’s education. Based on in-depth archival research in Japan and in the United States, including decades of letters from between the three women and their American host families, Daughters of the Samurai is beautifully, cinematically written, a fascinating lens through which to view an extraordinary historical moment.

The White Plum

Author: Yoshiko Furuki

Publisher: University of Hawaii Press

Published: 2015-01-31

Total Pages: 202

ISBN-13: 0824853407

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At the age of six, Ume Tsuda (1864-1929), the daughter of a progressive samurai, was sent on a mission by the Japanese government with four other girls to the United States. Their noble task was to first educate themselves in modern ways and Western learning, and then return to bring that gift to their sisters in Japan. Ume was cared for in the United States by Charles and Adeline Lanman, and she grew up in Washington, D.C., studying at private schools and becoming a Christian. At seventeen she finally returned to her country of birth, determined to carry out her mission. Back in Japan she found a new government quite unprepared to make use of her skills, but even more troubling was her startling self-discovery: unable to speak, read or write her native language fluently, she was faced with a homeland in which she was a foreigner, customs she did not understand, and a family she did not know and with whom she could not fully communicate. With the brave resilience of her namesake, the white plum that blooms in the last harsh days of winter, Ume was undaunted. Thriving on challenge, she devoted the rest of her life to seeking a way to achieve the goal of making modern higher education available to Japanese women for the first time. After several attempts, and two periods of advanced study abroad at Bryn Mawr College and Oxford, she eventually founded her own English School for Women. Later named Tsuda College, it has remained one of the bastions of women's higher education in Japan to this day. In her later years, Tsuda was not only an honored and influential educator in her own land and a founder of the Japanese YWCA but a cultural ambassador who met and exchanged correspondence with leading figures of her day.

Women In Changing Japan

Author: Joyce C Lebra

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2019-03-20

Total Pages: 336

ISBN-13: 1000011070

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It is a time when women in many parts of the world are questioning the roles, life styles, and values by which women have lived for centuries. The contributors are American women engaged in studying various aspects of the life patterns of Japanese women in many walks of life and have published their findings in this volume. We come from a variety

Under the Gaijin Gaze

Author: Daniel A. Metraux

Publisher: iUniverse

Published: 2001

Total Pages: 134

ISBN-13: 0595194052

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Penetrating analysis of the failures of Japanese higher education and of the discrimination and restrictions placed on young women in Japan. Essays include studies of attitudes and expectations of Japanese college women, of the revival of militarism in Japan and the general failure of the nation’s highly vaunted JET program.