Contextuality from Quantum Physics to Psychology

Contextuality from Quantum Physics to Psychology PDF

Author: Ehtibar Dzhafarov

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2015-11-30

Total Pages: 480

ISBN-13: 9814730629

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The book explores the variety of meanings of contextuality across different disciplines, with the emphasis on quantum physics and on psychology. Contents:Conversations on Contextuality (Ehtibar N Dzhafarov & Janne V Kujala)Contextual Semantics (Samson Abransky)From Coupling to Copula (Hans Colonius)Einstein, Bohm, and Leggett-Garg (Guido Bacciagaluppi)It is the Theory Which Decides What We Can Observe (Thomas Filk)Reality, Contextuality, and Probability in Quantum Theory and Beyond (Arkady Plotnitsky)Contextual Emergence (Harald Atmanspacher)Contextuality in Physics and Quantum Cognition (J Acacio de Barros & Gary Oas)End-Directedness and Context in Nonliving Dissipative Systems (James A Dixon, Dilip Kondepudi, Bruce A Kay & Tehran J Davis)Foregrounding the Background (J Scott Jordan, Jiuyang Bai, Vincent Cialdella & Daniel Schloesser)Symmetry-Breaking in Multiagent Coordination (Michael J Richardson & Rachel W Kallen)Probabilistic Contextuality (Janne V Kujala & Ehtibar N Dzhafarov)Quantum Thinking and Counterfactual Reasoning (Louis Narens)Quantum Theory, Active Information and the Mind-Matter Problem (Paavo Pylkkänen)Principles Defining Quantum Mechanics (Gary Oas & J Acacio de Barros)Our (Represented) World: A Quantum-Like Object (Ariane Lambert-Mogiliansky & Francois Dubois)Why Would You Want to Borrow from My Discipline? (Emmanuel Haven)Quantum Information Biology (Masanari Asano, Irina Basieva, Andrei Khrennikov, Masanori Ohya, Yoshiharu Tanaka & Ichiro Yamato)Similarity Judgments: From Classical to Complex Vector Psychological Spaces (Albert Barque Duran, Emmanuel M Pothos, James M Yearsley, James A Hampton, Jerome R Busemeyer & Jennifer S Trueblood)A Quantum Bayes Net Approach to Causal Reasoning (Jennifer S Trueblood, Percy K Mistry & Emmanuel M Pothos) Readership: Researchers in quantum physics, mathematical modelling and cognitive science. Key Features:It is historically the first book dedicated entirely to contextualityIt is interdisciplinary, involving quantum physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians, analytic philosophers, economists, and psychologistsIts chapters are written by leading specialists in these various fieldsKeywords:Contextuality;Quantum Physics;Psychology

Causality, Measurement Theory and the Differentiable Structure of Space-Time

Causality, Measurement Theory and the Differentiable Structure of Space-Time PDF

Author: R. N. Sen

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2010-02-11

Total Pages: 413

ISBN-13: 1139485377

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

Introducing graduate students and researchers to mathematical physics, this book discusses two recent developments: the demonstration that causality can be defined on discrete space-times; and Sewell's measurement theory, in which the wave packet is reduced without recourse to the observer's conscious ego, nonlinearities or interaction with the rest of the universe. The definition of causality on a discrete space-time assumes that space-time is made up of geometrical points. Using Sewell's measurement theory, the author concludes that the notion of geometrical points is as meaningful in quantum mechanics as it is in classical mechanics, and that it is impossible to tell whether the differential calculus is a discovery or an invention. Providing a mathematical discourse on the relation between theoretical and experimental physics, the book gives detailed accounts of the mathematically difficult measurement theories of von Neumann and Sewell.

Nature Loves to Hide

Nature Loves to Hide PDF

Author: Shimon Malin

Publisher: World Scientific

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 307

ISBN-13: 9814324566

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

Explaining the implications of quantum physics for the nature of reality, Shimon Malin traces strands of idealist thought from Plato and Plotinus through Whitehead to modern particle physics.

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists PDF

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1973-12

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.

The Fractal Organization

The Fractal Organization PDF

Author: Patrick Hoverstadt

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2009-08-03

Total Pages: 342

ISBN-13: 0470060565

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The world of management is in crisis - the old remedies no longer work and organizations are failing at an increasing rate. Although many talk of 'joined up thinking', few offer practical guidance on how to achieve this in organizations. The Fractal Organization sets down the practical implications of a well tested systemic approach to building organizations that are capable of surviving and flourishing in these turbulent times. "An excellent read…Many organizations fail at the mercy of their own ignorance. The author has done an excellent job in making ‘the science of effective organization’ accessible to management, providing them with a new knowledge to deal with the uncertainties that the markets place upon them." Stephen J. Brewis, Business Architect, British Telecom "...one of the most interesting, thorough and rigorous guides to management that I have ever read, … introduces new insights in every chapter… carries a credibility which acts as a counterbalance to the sometimes difficult message which he conveys which is that a lot of mainstream management practice is at best ineffective and at worst downright destructive. I would recommend this book to anyone interested in management or systems thinking." Penny Marrington, Course Chair, Systems Group, Open University "In my opinion this book manages to present sound academic theory that is relevant and helpful to the practitioner in the business. I experienced several A-HA moments." Pauline Marsh, Strategy Director, CS&S International, BAE SYSTEMS "The insights of the Viable System Model have been open only to a select few for much too long. Hoverstadt has gone furthest in bringing these ideas to a wider audience…Management books have too often been serious but not practical, or practical but not serious. This book is both brilliantly serious and practical, and often entertaining too." Professor Peter Kawalak, Manchester Business School "Integrates mainstream management ideas with the systems ideas underpinning the VSM, and flows and reads well. As a starting point for developing understanding of the VSM in today's world this book improves greatly on all books that have gone before, I would certainly recommend it to colleagues, clients, and students." Dr. Robin Asby, Course Chair, Communication and Systems, Open University

Einstein and the Quantum

Einstein and the Quantum PDF

Author: A. Douglas Stone

Publisher: Princeton University Press

Published: 2015-10-06

Total Pages: 344

ISBN-13: 0691168563

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The untold story of Albert Einstein's role as the father of quantum theory Einstein and the Quantum reveals for the first time the full significance of Albert Einstein's contributions to quantum theory. Einstein famously rejected quantum mechanics, observing that God does not play dice. But, in fact, he thought more about the nature of atoms, molecules, and the emission and absorption of light—the core of what we now know as quantum theory—than he did about relativity. A compelling blend of physics, biography, and the history of science, Einstein and the Quantum shares the untold story of how Einstein—not Max Planck or Niels Bohr—was the driving force behind early quantum theory. It paints a vivid portrait of the iconic physicist as he grappled with the apparently contradictory nature of the atomic world, in which its invisible constituents defy the categories of classical physics, behaving simultaneously as both particle and wave. And it demonstrates how Einstein's later work on the emission and absorption of light, and on atomic gases, led directly to Erwin Schrödinger's breakthrough to the modern form of quantum mechanics. The book sheds light on why Einstein ultimately renounced his own brilliant work on quantum theory, due to his deep belief in science as something objective and eternal.

String Theory and the Scientific Method

String Theory and the Scientific Method PDF

Author: Richard Dawid

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2013-05-02

Total Pages: 213

ISBN-13: 1107067588

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

String theory has played a highly influential role in theoretical physics for nearly three decades and has substantially altered our view of the elementary building principles of the Universe. However, the theory remains empirically unconfirmed, and is expected to remain so for the foreseeable future. So why do string theorists have such a strong belief in their theory? This book explores this question, offering a novel insight into the nature of theory assessment itself. Dawid approaches the topic from a unique position, having extensive experience in both philosophy and high-energy physics. He argues that string theory is just the most conspicuous example of a number of theories in high-energy physics where non-empirical theory assessment has an important part to play. Aimed at physicists and philosophers of science, the book does not use mathematical formalism and explains most technical terms.

Theory of Addiction

Theory of Addiction PDF

Author: Robert West

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2013-11-04

Total Pages: 290

ISBN-13: 0470674210

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

The word ‘addiction’ these days is used to refer to a chronic condition where there is an unhealthily powerful motivation to engage in a particular behaviour. This can be driven by many different factors – physiological, psychological, environmental and social. If we say that it is all about X, we miss V, W, Y and Z. So, some people think addicts are using drugs to escape from unhappy lives, feelings of anxiety and so on; many are. Some people think drugs become addictive because they alter the brain chemistry to create powerful urges; that is often true. Others think that drug taking is about seeking after pleasure; often it is. Some take the view that addiction is a choice – addicts weigh up the pros and cons of doing what they do and decide the former outweigh the latter. Yet others believe that addicts suffer from poor impulse control; that is often true… And so it goes on. When you look at the evidence, you see that all these positions capture important aspects of the problem – but they are not complete explanations. Neuroscience can help us delve more deeply into some of these explanations, while the behavioural and social sciences are better at exploring others. We need a model that puts all this together in a way that can help us decide what to do in different cases. Should we prescribe a drug, give the person some ‘tender loving care’, put them in prison or what? Theory of Addiction provides this synthesis. The first edition was well received: ‘Throughout the book the reader is exposed to a vast number of useful observations...The theoretical aims are timely, refreshing, ambitious and above all challenging. It opens up a new way of looking at addiction and has the potential to move the field of addiction a considerable leap forward. Thus we wholeheartedly would like to recommend the book for students as well as scholars. Read and learn!’ Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ‘The book provides a comprehensive review of existing theories - over 30 in all - and this synthesis of theories constitutes an important contribution in and of itself... West is to be commended for his synthesis of addiction theories that span neurobiology, psychology and social science and for his insights into what remains unexplained.’ Addiction This new edition of Theory of Addiction builds on the first, including additional theories in the field, a more developed specification of PRIME theory and analysis of the expanding evidence base. With this important new information, Theory of Addiction will continue to be essential reading for all those working in addiction, from student to experienced practitioner – as urged above, Read and learn!

Systems Theory and the Sociology of Health and Illness

Systems Theory and the Sociology of Health and Illness PDF

Author: Morten Knudsen

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2014-10-30

Total Pages: 251

ISBN-13: 1317637607

DOWNLOAD EBOOK →

Modern societies and organizations are characterized by multiple kinds of observations, systems, or rationalities, rather than singular identities and clear hierarchies. This holds true for healthcare where we find a range of different perspectives – from medicine to education, from science to law, from religion to politics – brought together in different types of arrangements. This innovative volume explores how this polycontexturality plays out in the healthcare arena. Drawing on systems theory, and Luhmann’s theory of social systems as communicative systems in particular, the contributors investigate how things – drugs, for example – and bodies are observed and constructed in different ways under polycontextural conditions. They explore how the different types of communication and observation are brought into workable arrangements – without becoming identical or reconciled – and discuss how health care organizations observe their own polycontexturality. Providing an analysis of healthcare structures that is up to speed with the complexity of healthcare today, this book shows how society and its organizations simultaneously manage contexts that do not fit together. It is an important work for those with an interest in health and illness, social theory, Niklas Luhmann, organizations and systems theory from a range of backgrounds including sociology, health studies, political science and management.