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Balance and Neuropsychological Performance Following an Acute Bout of Soccer Heading
Author: Mary Gilliam
Publisher:
Published: 2009
Total Pages:
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Context: Evidence illustrates a cumulative effect of multiple concussions or mild traumatic brain injuries. Research on the effect of an acute bout of soccer heading on brain function is not conclusive. Objective: To identify the effect of an acute bout of soccer heading on neuropsychological function and balance in athletes with a history of multiple concussions. Participants: Twenty-four NCAA Division I and III, and intramural athletes with a minimum of 4 years of competitive soccer experience composing 4 groups: subjects with a self-reported history of 1-2 concussions (EXP1), subjects with a self-reported history of 3 or more concussions (EXP2), and subjects with a self-reported history of 0 concussions randomly assigned to a control group (CON) and experimental group (EXP0). Intervention(s): During baseline testing, participants completed the ImPACT test, the Balance Error Score System (BESS), and the concussion symptom checklist (CSC). During session two, subjects repeated the baseline testing, and then completed 20 purposeful headers in 20 minutes. Immediately, participants repeated the ImPACT test, BESS test, and the CSC. Main Outcome Measure(s): Neuropsychological function as measured by the (ImPACT), balance deficiencies (BESS test), and self-reported symptom score (CSC). Results: On BESS test 1 (dual stance, firm surface) EXP2 had significantly (p=.046) greater errors post-heading than the other groups. For BESS test 2 (single leg stance, firm surface) EXP1 and EXP2 had significantly (p=.008) elevated scores both pre- and post-heading. On BESS test 3 (tandem stance, firm surface), test 4 (dual stance, foam surface), test 5 (single-leg stance, foam surface), and test 6 (tandem stance, foam surface) EXP2 had significantly (p=.001) more errors both pre- and post-heading than the other groups. No significant results were found on ImPACT scores. All groups had significantly (p=.025) higher CSC post-heading scores. Conclusions: This study found no significance between pre- and post-heading in any groups on the BESS test, ImPACT test, and the CSC. The EXP2 group performed worse overall on the more challenging BESS tests, but their scores did not significantly worsen as was hypothesized. Further research with a larger sample size may yield better results.
Effects of Soccer Headgear on Cognitive Function Immediately Following Heading
Author:
Publisher:
Published: 2012
Total Pages: 42
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Concussion awareness and knowledge has increased and, as a consequence, protective equipment has been developed in an attempt to protect the athletes from sustaining a concussion. The manufacturers market the equipment as a tool to prevent concussions, yet few studies have systematically tested this hypothesis. This study investigated the Full90 Headgear to determine if performance on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2 (SCAT 2) is impacted by the presence of headgear. Subjects performed two trials, each consisting of four different heading drills both with and without the Full90 Headgear. Subjects were evaluated prior to the heading drills with the SCAT 2 concussion assessment and immediately following each trial to determine if cognitive function, concussion symptoms, or balance performance changed with heading, and if the Full90 Headgear attenuated any of these changes. There were no changes in cognitive function, symptoms or balance performance from baseline to either of the post heading testing points. Therefore, the data indicated that purposeful heading does not change cognitive function; consequently there is no need for the Full90 Headgear to protect the athlete from a concussion during heading. In conclusion, the SCAT 2 scores did not change from baseline in either trial (with or without headgear). As supported by others, purposeful soccer heading is not a mechanism for concussion and consequently the Full90 Headgear does not add extra protection to an athlete during heading.
Examining the Relationship Between Purposeful Heading and Neurocognitive Performance During the Playing Careers of Female Collegiate Soccer Players
Author: Chantel A. Hunter
Publisher:
Published: 2018
Total Pages: 58
ISBN-13: 9780438248182
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Context: Despite the popularity of soccer worldwide, there is considerable risk for injury including concussions as well as the potential for repetitive head impact exposure. It is important to determine if purposeful heading has a detrimental effect to the brain and if there are cumulative effects resulting in impaired neurocognitive functioning. Objective: The primary aim was to identify if there is a relationship between purposeful heading and measures of neurocognitive test performance in female collegiate soccer players over a career span. The secondary aim of this study was to identify if there is a difference between the total number of headers and measures of neurocognitive test performance between female soccer players of different field positions (offense, midfield and defense). Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting: Intercollegiate soccer fields as well as a climate controlled neurocognitive testing environment Participants: Eighty-eight collegiate women’s soccer players with ranging careers from two to four playing seasons over the last 15 years. Interventions: Prior to the first soccer season each athlete completed a computerized neurocognitive test that served as a baseline measure to all subsequent tests administered. At the conclusion of each season the test was performed again. The number of headers by each athlete were tallied using a simple tally system for both soccer matches and practices. Main Outcome Measures: Total headers over the playing career, ImPACT composite scores including total symptom score. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between heading and neurocognitive test performance over the playing career. In addition, analysis of covariance was used to better understand differences between playing positions. Results: The number of headers varied by playing position (offense, midfield, defense), however there were no significant relationships between total headers during a collegiate career and the neurocognitive performance measures as well as total symptom score. Likewise, there were no significant differences in neurocognitive scores and symptoms across the three different playing positions. Conclusion: In our cohort of collegiate female soccer players there appears to be no detrimental effects on neurocognitive performance and related concussion symptoms, despite a career associated with repetitive head impacts from purposeful heading in soccer.
Is Soccer Bad for Children's Heads?
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 2002-05-29
Total Pages: 40
ISBN-13: 9780309083447
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →To explore whether soccer playing puts youths at risk for lasting brain damage, the Institute of Medicine brought together experts in head injury, sports medicine, pediatrics, and bioengineering. In a workshop entitled "Youth Soccer: Neuropsychological Consequences of Head Impact in Sports," that was held in Washington D.C. on October 12, 2001, these experts presented the scientific evidence for long-term consequences of head injury from youth sports, especially soccer, possible approaches to reduce the risks, and policy issues raised by the subject. Some of the findings presented by the speakers raised concerns, such as the high concussion rate of high school soccer players, the frequent persistence of impaired brain functions even after other symptoms of a concussion disappear, and the need for a better understanding of when it is safe for players to resume playing after they have had a concussion. But other findings were reassuring, such as studies that suggest that with the type of soccer balls used in the United States, heading is not likely to cause brain injury in youths, nor is playing soccer likely to cause permanent brain damage. This is a summary of the reports from these experts in the field, and the lively discussions that followed them. Topics covered include: causes of head injuries in soccer; how to detect a concussion; the biology of concussion; studies of soccer and football players; the role of protective headgear; and policy implications, such as how to decide when a concussed player should be allowed to return to the playing field.
ALTERATIONS IN POSTURAL CONTROL FOLLOWING AN ACUTE BOUT OF SOCCER HEADING
Author: Francis Joseph Haran
Publisher:
Published: 2009
Total Pages: 187
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This study sought to determine if an acute bout of soccer heading adversely altered postural control and pronounced self-reported symptoms of cerebral concussion. Sixteen collegiate soccer players were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control (CG) or experimental (EG). Participants either simulated or performed 10 headers in 10 min at a ball velocity 11.2 m/s. A concussion signs and symptoms checklist was completed and postural control was assessed on four separate occasions: prior to heading (hr 0), hr 1, hr 24, and hr 48 post heading. The postural control parameters were the root mean square (RMS) of the center of mass (COM) and approximate entropy (ApEN) of the center of pressure (COP). The results indicated that there were no significant differences between the CG and EG in the sum of self-reported concussion signs and symptoms; however, there were significant alterations in postural control, occurring primarily at 24 hrs following heading. Within the EG only there were significant differences across time for anterior-posterior (AP) COM RMS for conditions 3 (i.e., rotating virtual environment [VE] and stable support surface) and 4 (i.e., rotating VE and unstable support surface). Also, medial-lateral (ML) COM RMS values were significantly higher for the EG when compared to the CG at hr 24. The EG had significantly lower COP ApEn values in both the AP and ML directions when compared to the CG at hr 24. Condition 4 was found to induce significantly greater postural control deficits when compared to the other conditions in the ML COM RMS and AP COP ApEn. These findings indicate that an acute bout of heading, even at the low velocities presented in this experiment, result in quantifiable alterations in postural control that are detectable 24 hours post heading and dissipate within an additional 24 hours. The significant findings are contrary to the acute heading literature and may be due to the postural control assessment that incorporated robust discordant environmental conditions. Further research on the clinical usefulness of the assessment as well as long-term accumulation effects of heading is warranted.
Sports-Related Concussions in Youth
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 2014-02-04
Total Pages: 215
ISBN-13: 0309288037
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.
Concussions in Athletics
Author: Semyon M. Slobounov
Publisher: Springer Nature
Published: 2021-08-18
Total Pages: 463
ISBN-13: 3030755649
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Now in a fully revised and expanded second edition, this comprehensive text remains a timely and major contribution to the literature that addresses the neuromechanisms, predispositions, and latest developments in the evaluation and management of concussive injuries. Concussion, also known as mild traumatic brain injury, continues to be a significant public health concern with increased attention focusing on treatment and management of this puzzling epidemic as well as controversies within the field. The book is comprised of five thematic sections: current developments in evaluation; biomechanical mechanisms; neural substrates, biomarkers, genetics and brain imaging; pediatric considerations; and clinical management and rehabilitation. Since the publication of the original edition in 2014, much has changed regarding the current understanding of mild traumatic brain injury including development of more precise imaging modalities, development and classification of new biomarkers, and updates to clinical treatment and management of athletic concussion. This new edition will include new chapters targeting the influence of genetics on concussive injury, as well as an expansion on the knowledge of pediatric response to concussion and the influence of repetitive subconcussive impacts on athlete health. An invaluable contribution to the literature, Concussions in Athletics: From Brain to Behavior reestablishes itself as a state-of-the-art reference that will be of significant interest to a wide range of clinicians, researchers, administrators, and policy makers, and this updated version aims to narrow the gap between research findings and clinical management of sports-related concussion and other mild traumatic brain injury. The second edition also attempts to broaden the scope of the knowledge to apply to more professionals and pre-professionals in the fields of neuroscience, neuropsychology, and other allied health professionals that closely work with athletes and sports medicine professionals.
The Handbook of Sport Neuropsychology
Author: Frank Webbe
Publisher: Springer Publishing Company
Published: 2011
Total Pages: 427
ISBN-13: 0826115713
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Print+CourseSmart
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents
Author: Michael W. Kirkwood
Publisher: Guilford Press
Published: 2012-05-22
Total Pages: 400
ISBN-13: 1462505201
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →A cutting-edge synthesis of science and practice, this book covers everything from sports-related concussions to less common types of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and related complications. Preeminent authorities review what is known about mTBI in childhood and adolescence—including its biomechanics, pathophysiology, and neurological and neurobehavioral outcomes—and showcase evidence-based clinical evaluation tools and management strategies. Challenging areas such as evaluating complicated mTBI and treating persistent problems after injury are discussed in detail. Also addressed are forensic issues, injury in very early childhood, and other special-interest topics.
