Introduction to Magnetic Random-Access Memory

Introduction to Magnetic Random-Access Memory PDF

Author: Bernard Dieny

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2016-11-14

Total Pages: 264

ISBN-13: 1119079357

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Magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) is poised to replace traditional computer memory based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). MRAM will surpass all other types of memory devices in terms of nonvolatility, low energy dissipation, fast switching speed, radiation hardness, and durability. Although toggle-MRAM is currently a commercial product, it is clear that future developments in MRAM will be based on spin-transfer torque, which makes use of electrons’ spin angular momentum instead of their charge. MRAM will require an amalgamation of magnetics and microelectronics technologies. However, researchers and developers in magnetics and in microelectronics attend different technical conferences, publish in different journals, use different tools, and have different backgrounds in condensed-matter physics, electrical engineering, and materials science. This book is an introduction to MRAM for microelectronics engineers written by specialists in magnetic materials and devices. It presents the basic phenomena involved in MRAM, the materials and film stacks being used, the basic principles of the various types of MRAM (toggle and spin-transfer torque; magnetized in-plane or perpendicular-to-plane), the back-end magnetic technology, and recent developments toward logic-in-memory architectures. It helps bridge the cultural gap between the microelectronics and magnetics communities.

Introduction to Magnetic Random-Access Memory

Introduction to Magnetic Random-Access Memory PDF

Author: Bernard Dieny

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2016-12-12

Total Pages: 277

ISBN-13: 111900974X

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Magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) is poised to replace traditional computer memory based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). MRAM will surpass all other types of memory devices in terms of nonvolatility, low energy dissipation, fast switching speed, radiation hardness, and durability. Although toggle-MRAM is currently a commercial product, it is clear that future developments in MRAM will be based on spin-transfer torque, which makes use of electrons’ spin angular momentum instead of their charge. MRAM will require an amalgamation of magnetics and microelectronics technologies. However, researchers and developers in magnetics and in microelectronics attend different technical conferences, publish in different journals, use different tools, and have different backgrounds in condensed-matter physics, electrical engineering, and materials science. This book is an introduction to MRAM for microelectronics engineers written by specialists in magnetic materials and devices. It presents the basic phenomena involved in MRAM, the materials and film stacks being used, the basic principles of the various types of MRAM (toggle and spin-transfer torque; magnetized in-plane or perpendicular-to-plane), the back-end magnetic technology, and recent developments toward logic-in-memory architectures. It helps bridge the cultural gap between the microelectronics and magnetics communities.

Magnetic Memory Technology

Magnetic Memory Technology PDF

Author: Denny D. Tang

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-01-07

Total Pages: 352

ISBN-13: 1119562236

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STAY UP TO DATE ON THE STATE OF MRAM TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS WITH THIS COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCE Magnetic Memory Technology: Spin-Transfer-Torque MRAM and Beyond delivers a combination of foundational and advanced treatments of the subjects necessary for students and professionals to fully understand MRAM and other non-volatile memories, like PCM, and ReRAM. The authors offer readers a thorough introduction to the fundamentals of magnetism and electron spin, as well as a comprehensive analysis of the physics of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices as it relates to memory applications. This book explores MRAM's unique ability to provide memory without requiring the atoms inside the device to move when switching states. The resulting power savings and reliability are what give MRAM its extraordinary potential. The authors describe the current state of academic research in MRAM technology, which focuses on the reduction of the amount of energy needed to reorient magnetization. Among other topics, readers will benefit from the book's discussions of: An introduction to basic electromagnetism, including the fundamentals of magnetic force and other concepts An thorough description of magnetism and magnetic materials, including the classification and properties of magnetic thin film properties and their material preparation and characterization A comprehensive description of Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) devices and their equivalent electrical model Spin current and spin dynamics, including the properties of spin current, the Ordinary Hall Effect, the Anomalous Hall Effect, and the spin Hall effect Different categories of magnetic random-access memory, including field-write mode MRAM, Spin-Torque-Transfer (STT) MRAM, Spin-Orbit Torque (SOT) MRAM, and others Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying electrical engineering, similar programs, or courses on topics like spintronics, Magnetic Memory Technology: Spin-Transfer-Torque MRAM and Beyond also belongs on the bookshelves of engineers and other professionals involved in the design, development, and manufacture of MRAM technologies.

Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) Technology

Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (MRAM) Technology PDF

Author: Shimon Lnu

Publisher:

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 85

ISBN-13:

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Ability to store data is one of the key utilities in modern computer. The memory industry grows as demand for denser, smaller, cheaper and faster memory device increases. The term memory has been used widely in computing jargon to refer to random access memory (RAM). RAMs are built with steady improvement over the years owing to semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) technology. However, RAMs are still struggling to achieve all aspect of the paramount design intended for memory device: non-volatile (including radiation hardness and materials stability), dense, fast, low power consumption, low cost, IC technology compatible and read/write (R/W) endurance. Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM) offers such possibility. MRAM has just entered in 2002 with 128kbit product, but it has improved to reach 16 Mbit density in the year 2009, that makes a 128 density multiplication in 7 years. The prototyping has gone through an even higher density at 64 Mbit in 2010, along with optimistic view of reaching Gbit density in the near future by the introduction of spin-torque-transfer MRAM. A close look at the presented MRAM cost model, the cost of 64 and 128Mbit module can go as low as 4.4-4.9 cents/Mbit and 2.8-3.0 cents/Mbit respectively. Comparing to similar density (64 or 128 Mbit) DRAM product - around 1993-1996, DRAM pricing is revolving around $1/Mbit, which makes MRAM a cost competitive product with respect to DRAM or other memories. Evidently, MRAM cost looks promising to compete with superior memory products such as DRAM and Flash, while on its way, it will replace the first few market penetration areas such as embedded memory and SOC circuit for mobile/automotive application.

Handbook of Spintronics

Handbook of Spintronics PDF

Author: Yongbing Xu

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-10-14

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9789400768918

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Over two volumes and 1500 pages, the Handbook of Spintronics will cover all aspects of spintronics science and technology, including fundamental physics, materials properties and processing, established and emerging device technology and applications. Comprising 60 chapters from a large international team of leading researchers across academia and industry, the Handbook provides readers with an up-to-date and comprehensive review of this dynamic field of research. The opening chapters focus on the fundamental physical principles of spintronics in metals and semiconductors, including an introduction to spin quantum computing. Materials systems are then considered, with sections on metallic thin films and multilayers, magnetic tunnelling structures, hybrids, magnetic semiconductors and molecular spintronic materials. A separate section reviews the various characterisation methods appropriate to spintronics materials, including STM, spin-polarised photoemission, x-ray diffraction techniques and spin-polarised SEM. The third part of the Handbook contains chapters on the state of the art in device technology and applications, including spin valves, GMR and MTJ devices, MRAM technology, spin transistors and spin logic devices, spin torque devices, spin pumping and spin dynamics and other topics such as spin caloritronics. Each chapter considers the challenges faced by researchers in that area and contains some indications of the direction that future work in the field is likely to take. This reference work will be an essential and long-standing resource for the spintronics community.

Nonvolatile Memory Design

Nonvolatile Memory Design PDF

Author: Hai Li

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-12-19

Total Pages: 207

ISBN-13: 1351834193

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The manufacture of flash memory, which is the dominant nonvolatile memory technology, is facing severe technical barriers. So much so, that some emerging technologies have been proposed as alternatives to flash memory in the nano-regime. Nonvolatile Memory Design: Magnetic, Resistive, and Phase Changing introduces three promising candidates: phase-change memory, magnetic random access memory, and resistive random access memory. The text illustrates the fundamental storage mechanism of these technologies and examines their differences from flash memory techniques. Based on the latest advances, the authors discuss key design methodologies as well as the various functions and capabilities of the three nonvolatile memory technologies.

Magnetic Information Storage Technology

Magnetic Information Storage Technology PDF

Author: Shan X. Wang

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 1999-05-24

Total Pages: 536

ISBN-13: 0080510612

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This text explains how hard disk drives operate, how billions of bytes of digital information are stored and accessed, and where the technology is going. In particular, the book emphasizes the most fundamental principles of magnetic information storage, including in-depth knowledge of both magnetics and signal processing methods. Magnetic Information Storage Technology contains many graphic illustrations and an introduction of alternative storage technologies, such as optic disk recording, holographic recording, semiconductor flash memory, and magnetic random access memory. Provides the fundamentals of magnetic information storage and contrasts it with a comparison of alternative storage technologies Addresses the subject at the materials, device and system levels Addresses the needs of the multi-billion-dollar-a year magnetic recording and information storage industry Emphasizes both theoretical and experimental concepts Condenses current knowledge on magnetic information storage technology into one self-contained volume Suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as seasoned researchers, engineers and professionals in data and information storage fields

Spin Dynamics and Damping in Ferromagnetic Thin Films and Nanostructures

Spin Dynamics and Damping in Ferromagnetic Thin Films and Nanostructures PDF

Author: Anjan Barman

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2017-12-27

Total Pages: 156

ISBN-13: 3319662961

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This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the field of spin dynamics and magnetic damping. It discusses the various ways to tune damping, specifically, dynamic and static control in a ferromagnetic layer/heavy metal layer. In addition, it addresses all optical detection techniques for the investigation of modulation of damping, for example, the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect technique.

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