Hilbert's Fifth Problem and Related Topics

Hilbert's Fifth Problem and Related Topics PDF

Author: Terence Tao

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

Published: 2014-07-18

Total Pages: 354

ISBN-13: 147041564X

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In the fifth of his famous list of 23 problems, Hilbert asked if every topological group which was locally Euclidean was in fact a Lie group. Through the work of Gleason, Montgomery-Zippin, Yamabe, and others, this question was solved affirmatively; more generally, a satisfactory description of the (mesoscopic) structure of locally compact groups was established. Subsequently, this structure theory was used to prove Gromov's theorem on groups of polynomial growth, and more recently in the work of Hrushovski, Breuillard, Green, and the author on the structure of approximate groups. In this graduate text, all of this material is presented in a unified manner, starting with the analytic structural theory of real Lie groups and Lie algebras (emphasising the role of one-parameter groups and the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula), then presenting a proof of the Gleason-Yamabe structure theorem for locally compact groups (emphasising the role of Gleason metrics), from which the solution to Hilbert's fifth problem follows as a corollary. After reviewing some model-theoretic preliminaries (most notably the theory of ultraproducts), the combinatorial applications of the Gleason-Yamabe theorem to approximate groups and groups of polynomial growth are then given. A large number of relevant exercises and other supplementary material are also provided.

A Hilbert Space Problem Book

A Hilbert Space Problem Book PDF

Author: P.R. Halmos

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 385

ISBN-13: 1468493302

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From the Preface: "This book was written for the active reader. The first part consists of problems, frequently preceded by definitions and motivation, and sometimes followed by corollaries and historical remarks... The second part, a very short one, consists of hints... The third part, the longest, consists of solutions: proofs, answers, or contructions, depending on the nature of the problem.... This is not an introduction to Hilbert space theory. Some knowledge of that subject is a prerequisite: at the very least, a study of the elements of Hilbert space theory should proceed concurrently with the reading of this book."

Differential Galois Theory through Riemann-Hilbert Correspondence

Differential Galois Theory through Riemann-Hilbert Correspondence PDF

Author: Jacques Sauloy

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

Published: 2016-12-07

Total Pages: 275

ISBN-13: 1470430959

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Differential Galois theory is an important, fast developing area which appears more and more in graduate courses since it mixes fundamental objects from many different areas of mathematics in a stimulating context. For a long time, the dominant approach, usually called Picard-Vessiot Theory, was purely algebraic. This approach has been extensively developed and is well covered in the literature. An alternative approach consists in tagging algebraic objects with transcendental information which enriches the understanding and brings not only new points of view but also new solutions. It is very powerful and can be applied in situations where the Picard-Vessiot approach is not easily extended. This book offers a hands-on transcendental approach to differential Galois theory, based on the Riemann-Hilbert correspondence. Along the way, it provides a smooth, down-to-earth introduction to algebraic geometry, category theory and tannakian duality. Since the book studies only complex analytic linear differential equations, the main prerequisites are complex function theory, linear algebra, and an elementary knowledge of groups and of polynomials in many variables. A large variety of examples, exercises, and theoretical constructions, often via explicit computations, offers first-year graduate students an accessible entry into this exciting area.

Lie Algebras and Locally Compact Groups

Lie Algebras and Locally Compact Groups PDF

Author: Irving Kaplansky

Publisher: University of Chicago Press

Published: 1971

Total Pages: 161

ISBN-13: 0226424537

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This volume presents lecture notes based on the author's courses on Lie algebras and the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem. In chapter 1, "Lie Algebras," the structure theory of semi-simple Lie algebras in characteristic zero is presented, following the ideas of Killing and Cartan. Chapter 2, "The Structure of Locally Compact Groups," deals with the solution of Hilbert's fifth problem given by Gleason, Montgomery, and Zipplin in 1952.

Partial Differential Equations

Partial Differential Equations PDF

Author: András Vasy

Publisher: American Mathematical Society

Published: 2022-07-15

Total Pages: 295

ISBN-13: 1470469839

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This text on partial differential equations is intended for readers who want to understand the theoretical underpinnings of modern PDEs in settings that are important for the applications without using extensive analytic tools required by most advanced texts. The assumed mathematical background is at the level of multivariable calculus and basic metric space material, but the latter is recalled as relevant as the text progresses. The key goal of this book is to be mathematically complete without overwhelming the reader, and to develop PDE theory in a manner that reflects how researchers would think about the material. A concrete example is that distribution theory and the concept of weak solutions are introduced early because while these ideas take some time for the students to get used to, they are fundamentally easy and, on the other hand, play a central role in the field. Then, Hilbert spaces that are quite important in the later development are introduced via completions which give essentially all the features one wants without the overhead of measure theory. There is additional material provided for readers who would like to learn more than the core material, and there are numerous exercises to help solidify one's understanding. The text should be suitable for advanced undergraduates or for beginning graduate students including those in engineering or the sciences.

A Course on Large Deviations with an Introduction to Gibbs Measures

A Course on Large Deviations with an Introduction to Gibbs Measures PDF

Author: Firas Rassoul-Agha

Publisher: American Mathematical Soc.

Published: 2015-03-12

Total Pages: 335

ISBN-13: 0821875787

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This is an introductory course on the methods of computing asymptotics of probabilities of rare events: the theory of large deviations. The book combines large deviation theory with basic statistical mechanics, namely Gibbs measures with their variational characterization and the phase transition of the Ising model, in a text intended for a one semester or quarter course. The book begins with a straightforward approach to the key ideas and results of large deviation theory in the context of independent identically distributed random variables. This includes Cramér's theorem, relative entropy, Sanov's theorem, process level large deviations, convex duality, and change of measure arguments. Dependence is introduced through the interactions potentials of equilibrium statistical mechanics. The phase transition of the Ising model is proved in two different ways: first in the classical way with the Peierls argument, Dobrushin's uniqueness condition, and correlation inequalities and then a second time through the percolation approach. Beyond the large deviations of independent variables and Gibbs measures, later parts of the book treat large deviations of Markov chains, the Gärtner-Ellis theorem, and a large deviation theorem of Baxter and Jain that is then applied to a nonstationary process and a random walk in a dynamical random environment. The book has been used with students from mathematics, statistics, engineering, and the sciences and has been written for a broad audience with advanced technical training. Appendixes review basic material from analysis and probability theory and also prove some of the technical results used in the text.

Riemann-Hilbert Problems, Their Numerical Solution, and the Computation of Nonlinear Special Functions

Riemann-Hilbert Problems, Their Numerical Solution, and the Computation of Nonlinear Special Functions PDF

Author: Thomas Trogdon

Publisher: SIAM

Published: 2015-12-22

Total Pages: 370

ISBN-13: 1611974208

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Riemann?Hilbert problems are fundamental objects of study within complex analysis. Many problems in differential equations and integrable systems, probability and random matrix theory, and asymptotic analysis can be solved by reformulation as a Riemann?Hilbert problem.This book, the most comprehensive one to date on the applied and computational theory of Riemann?Hilbert problems, includes an introduction to computational complex analysis, an introduction to the applied theory of Riemann?Hilbert problems from an analytical and numerical perspective, and a discussion of applications to integrable systems, differential equations, and special function theory. It also includes six fundamental examples and five more sophisticated examples of the analytical and numerical Riemann?Hilbert method, each of mathematical or physical significance or both.

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