Guinea- Bissau

Guinea- Bissau PDF

Author: International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2017-12-18

Total Pages: 57

ISBN-13: 1484333195

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This paper explains the cashew economy and the unfolding of the 2017 campaign. At least half of all households are thought to be engaged in production, commercialization, or exportation of cashew nuts. The activity has at least four macroeconomic impacts: one, it injects liquidity to producers; two, owing to producers’ high propensity to consume, it impacts the price level; third, it is the main provider of foreign exchange via exports; and fourth, it is an important source of fiscal revenues. Despite streamlining of marketing arrangements over the years, cashew production is still subject to significant government intervention. Vested interests have traditionally permeated public policies, with nontransparent issuance of licenses and permits used in some instances to block competition. Cashew production started to expand during the 1980s and yearly output has over the years increased to currently about 200,000 tons. Native of north Brazil, cashew trees were introduced by the Portuguese during the colonial period but output remained negligible through to the country’s independence in 1973.

Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau PDF

Author: International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2015-07-21

Total Pages: 49

ISBN-13: 151354151X

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This Selected Issues paper aims at identifying some of the main channels of transmission through which political instability feeds and foster fragility and provide an estimate of the “fragility gap” that haunts the Bissau-Guinean society. This paper argued that, until today, due to chronic political instability, Guinea-Bissau has been in a costly fragility trap. This analytical piece argues that the major factor behind Guinea-Bissau’s fragility has been the chronic political instability. It also uncovers some of the main transmission channels from political instability to fragility and provides simple estimates about the cost of instability. Estimates based on reasonable assumptions reveal that, considering only Guinea-Bissau’s post-war period, without chronic political instability real GDP per capita could have been at least two thirds higher than its 2013 level. This assessment shows the crucial importance of the security sector reform. It also shows that the current estimated cost of the security sector reform is modest in comparison, since it puts into perspective its monetary costs—which are easy to calculate and mostly frontloaded—vis-à-vis its wide and deep benefits, which are not as explicit and accrue over time.

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea PDF

Author: International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2014-12-02

Total Pages: 11

ISBN-13: 1616355298

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This Selected Issues paper analyzes the sustainability of Papua New Guinea’s current and medium-term fiscal policy and its consistency with government objectives. The Papua New Guinea government faces major challenges in shaping a fiscal policy that promotes stability, meets development needs, and adheres to its debt ceilings over the medium term. It could decide to continue with its current fiscal stance, which would see its resource wealth exhausted quickly through large development spending. This approach would likely require continued borrowing and leave little savings for future generations.

Republic of Equatorial Guinea

Republic of Equatorial Guinea PDF

Author: International Monetary Fund. African Dept.

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2016-11-18

Total Pages: 20

ISBN-13: 1475555997

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This Selected Issues paper analyzes macrofinancial linkages in Equatorial Guinea. Insufficient fiscal consolidation in response to falling oil prices and production has translated into arrears accumulation, leading to a sharp deterioration in commercial banks’ balance sheets. Although banks’ capital and liquidity ratio appear adequate, profitability has been shrinking, owing to weak economic activity and decelerating credit supply. Moreover, recent stress tests reveal a high sensitivity to negative liquidity and asset quality shocks. Financial development remains lackluster, which hurts economic development and effective structural transformation. Finally, strong macrofinancial linkages compounded by regional subsidiary-parent interlinkages call for increased scrutiny.

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea PDF

Author: International Monetary Fund. Asia and Pacific Dept

Publisher: International Monetary Fund

Published: 2015-11-18

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13: 1513564358

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This Selected Issues paper provides an overview of financial access and inclusion indicators, related causal factors, and both current and possible reform priorities for on Papua New Guinea (PNG). The paper presents indicators of financial market depth, development, and access for PNG and compares PNG’s performance against that of other countries in the region, at similar levels of development, and beyond. It provides an overview of country-specific challenges facing PNG related to financial inclusion that helps to explain its performance, as well as possible reform priorities in the near term. The government’s current initiatives aimed at promoting financial sector development and inclusion and their preliminary results are also discussed.

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