A Grammatical Sketch of the Akra- Or Ga-Language Volume 2

A Grammatical Sketch of the Akra- Or Ga-Language Volume 2 PDF

Author: Johann Zimmermann

Publisher: Rarebooksclub.com

Published: 2013-09

Total Pages: 126

ISBN-13: 9781230146898

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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1858 edition. Excerpt: ...word; comp. na to and td, v.; tsa na, v. inf. natsamo; to adjoin, to be in contact, to continue; s. tsa, v.; tse na, v. inf. natsemo, to trouble, to teaze with words; to unseal; tse, v.; tsi na, v. inf. natslmo, to close the mouth, opening etc., to confine, imprison etc.; tsd na, v. inf. natsomo, to turn one's mouth, word; inf. natso, to tempt to bad words (or actions) s. ka, v. ta na etc., wie na, v. inf. nawiemo, to speak one's mouth; to salute, to interpret, comp. nadsiemo; yere m. k. na or yire m. k. na (s. yi na), v. inf. nayeremo, to come unawares to some body's speaking about one; to overhear unawares; yre na, v. inf. nayeli, to bargain; to negotiate; yi na, v. inf. nayimo, to intercept one's speaking; yo na gbe, v. inf. nagbeyomo, to know s. b. by his voice, to know one's voice, word, manner of speaking, etc. As grammat. subject it appears especially in the following combinations: na ba, v. inf. naba, to be sharp (of knives etc., comp. na = edge), na ba si, v. inf. nasiba (Ot. ano bre ase) to let the mouth down (comp. ben SKunb bangen laffen"), to decrease (in zeal, power, passion etc.), to be softened, to give in. Comp. ba si, v. Zimmermaon, Akra-Vocab. 14 na be, v. inf. nabele, -mo, to have a narrow, contracted mouth, as old persons; to have a mouth like a pair of tongs, so as to pinch with, as ants, crabs, pincers etc. na du, v. to leak at the opening, at the cork etc. na dsa, v. inf. nadsale, to be straight, right in speach; to have a straight end or brim; s. dsa, v. na dso, v. inf. nadsomo, to have a bitter mouth, to have a bad mouth ( ein fcbarfeS ober bofeS Wlaul baben"). na dso, v. to be quiet in speaking. na fa, v. inf. nafa, nafamo, to be open; s. fa" na; of bottles and similar vessels....

Aspect and Modality in Kwa Languages

Aspect and Modality in Kwa Languages PDF

Author: Felix K. Ameka

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 2008-04-10

Total Pages: 351

ISBN-13: 9027291381

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This book explores the thesis that in the Kwa languages of West Africa, aspect and modality are more central to the grammar of the verb than tense. Where tense marking has emerged it is invariably in the expression of the future, and therefore concerned with the impending actualization or potentiality of an event, hence with modality, rather than the purely temporal sequencing associated with tense. The primary grammatical contrasts are perfective versus imperfective. The main languages discussed are Akan, Dangme, Ewe, Ga and Tuwuli while Nzema-Ahanta, Likpe and Eastern Gbe are also mentioned. Knowledge about these languages has deepened considerably during the past decade or so and ideas about their structure have changed. The volume therefore presents novel analyses of grammatical forms like the so-called S-Aux-O-V-Other or “future” constructions, and provides empirical data for theorizing about aspect and modality. It should be of considerable interest to Africanist linguists, typologists, and creolists interested in substrate issues.