Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Applications

Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment: Advances and Applications PDF

Author: William L. Steffen

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 497

ISBN-13: 3642738451

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This volume arises from an International Symposium on Flow and Transport in the Natural Environment held in Canberra, Australia, in September 1987. The meeting was hosted by the CSIRO Division of Environmental Mechanics (now the Centre for Environmental Mechanics) to mark the opening of the second stage of its headquarters, the F.C. Pye Field Environment Laboratory, twenty-one years after the opening of the first stage. Those twenty-one years have seen much progress in our understanding of the physics of the natural environment and the occasion provided an ideal opportunity to review advances in our knowledge of flow and transport phenomena, particularly with regard to flow and transport in soils, plants and the atmosphere. The contents of this volume are based very closely on the Symposium's program. Undoubtedly, our choices of topics were idiosyncratic, but we believe that those we have selected exhibit progress, innovation, and much scope for practical application. Rather than being encyclopaedic, we have sought to deal with thirteen selected topics in depth.

The Forests Handbook, Volume 1

The Forests Handbook, Volume 1 PDF

Author: Julian Evans

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2008-04-15

Total Pages: 416

ISBN-13: 0470756829

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The future of the world's forests is at the forefront of environmental debate. Rising concerns over the effects of deforestation and climate change are highlighting the need both to conserve and manage existing forests and woodland through sustainable forestry practices. The Forests Handbook, written by an international team of both scientists and practitioners, presents an integrated approach to forests and forestry, applying our present understanding of forest science to management practices, as a basis for achieving sustainability. Volume One presents an overview of the world's forests; their locations and what they are like, the science of how they operate as complex ecosystems and how they interact with their environment. Volume Two applies this science to reality; it focuses on forestry interventions and their impact, the principles governing how to protect forests and on how we can better harness the enormous benefits forests offer. Case studies are drawn from several different countries and are used to illustrate the key points. Development specialists, forest managers and those involved with land and land-use will find this handbook a valuable and comprehensive overview of forest science and forestry practice. Researchers and students of forestry, biology, ecology and geography will find it equally accessible and useful.

Footprints in Micrometeorology and Ecology

Footprints in Micrometeorology and Ecology PDF

Author: Monique Y. Leclerc

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2014-06-17

Total Pages: 254

ISBN-13: 3642545459

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How to interpret meteorological measurements made at a given level over a surface with regard to characteristic properties such as roughness, albedo, heat, moisture, carbon dioxide, and other gases is an old question which goes back to the very beginnings of modern micrometeorology. It is made even more challenging when it is unclear whether these measurements are only valid for this point/region and precisely describe the conditions there, or if they are also influenced by surrounding areas. After 50 years of field experiments, it has become both apparent and problematic that meteorological measurements are influenced from surfaces on the windward side. As such, extending these measurements for inhomogeneous experimental sites requires a quantitative understanding of these influences. When combined with atmospheric transport models similar to air pollution models, the ‘footprint’ concept – a fundamental approach introduced roughly 20 years ago – provides us with information on whether or not the condition of upwind site homogeneity is fulfilled. Since these first models, the development of more scientifically based versions, validation experiments and applications has advanced rapidly. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of these developments, to analyze present deficits, to describe applications and to advance this topic at the forefront of micrometeorological research.

Biogenic Trace Gases

Biogenic Trace Gases PDF

Author: P. A. Matson

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2009-05-27

Total Pages: 408

ISBN-13: 1444313819

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Trace gases are those that are present in the atmosphere at relatively low concentrations. Small changes in their concentrations can have profound implications for major atmospheric fluxes, and thereore, can be used as indicators in studies of global change, global biogeochemical cycling and global warming. This new how-to guide will detail the concepts and techniques involved in the detection and measurement of trace gases, and the impact they have on ecological studies. Introductory chapters look at the role of trace gases in global cycles, while later chapters go on to consider techniques for the measurement of gases in various environments and at a range of scales. A how-to guide for measuring atmospheric trace gases. Techniques described are of value in addressing current concerns over global climate change.

Trace Gas Emissions by Plants

Trace Gas Emissions by Plants PDF

Author:

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 381

ISBN-13: 0323138101

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Many trace gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Although much research has been published on the photosynthetic exchanges of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor, this book focuses on the importance of biogenic trace gases on atmosphere chemistry and ecosystem stability. Included are methane and its effect on the radiative properties of the atmosphere, hydrocarbons (isoprene and monoterpenes), and their role in the production of ozone and carbon monoxide. Also covered are sulfur and nitrogen gases, both of which can lead to ecosystem acidification. The biochemistry and physiology of production of these and other gases are investigated. Plant physiologists, ecologists, and atmospheric chemists and modelers will benefit from this book.

Modelling Soil Erosion by Water

Modelling Soil Erosion by Water PDF

Author: John Boardman

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 552

ISBN-13: 3642589138

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TO THE MODEL EVALUATION 1. MODELLING SOIL EROSION BY WATER l 2 John Boardman and David Favis-Mortlock 1 School of Geography and Environmental Change Unit Mansfield Road University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TB UK 2 Environmental Change Unit University of Oxford 5 South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3UB UK Introduction This volume is the Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop 'Global Change: Modelling Soil Erosion by Water', which was held on II-14th September 1995, at the University of Oxford, UK. The meeting was also one of a series organised by the IGBP 1 GCTE Soil Erosion Network, which is a component of GCTE's Land Degradation Task (3.3.2) (Ingram et aI., 1996; Valentin, this volume). One aim of the GCTE Soil Erosion Network is to evaluate the suitability of existing soil erosion models for predicting the possible impacts of global change upon soil erosion. Due to the wide range of erosion models currently, in use or under development, it was decided to evaluate models in the following sequence Favis-Mortlock et al., 1996): • field-scale water erosion models • catchmenr-scale water erosion models • wind erosion models • models with a landscape-scale and larger focus. As part of this strategy, the first stage of the GCTE validation of field-scale erosion models was carried out at the Oxford NATO-ARW. I A list of Acronyms fonns Appendix A.

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer PDF

Author: J. R. Garratt

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 1994-04-21

Total Pages: 340

ISBN-13: 9780521467452

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The book gives a comprehensive and lucid account of the science of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). There is an emphasis on the application of the ABL to numerical modelling of the climate. The book comprises nine chapters, several appendices (data tables, information sources, physical constants) and an extensive reference list. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction, with chapters 2 and 3 dealing with the development of mean and turbulence equations, and the many scaling laws and theories that are the cornerstone of any serious ABL treatment. Modelling of the ABL is crucially dependent for its realism on the surface boundary conditions, and chapters 4 and 5 deal with aerodynamic and energy considerations, with attention to both dry and wet land surfaces and sea. The structure of the clear-sky, thermally stratified ABL is treated in chapter 6, including the convective and stable cases over homogeneous land, the marine ABL and the internal boundary layer at the coastline. Chapter 7 then extends the discussion to the cloudy ABL. This is seen as particularly relevant, since the extensive stratocumulus regions over the subtropical oceans and stratus regions over the Arctic are now identified as key players in the climate system. Finally, chapters 8 and 9 bring much of the book's material together in a discussion of appropriate ABL and surface parameterization schemes in general circulation models of the atmosphere that are being used for climate simulation.

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