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Essential Principles of Image Sensors

Author: Takao Kuroda

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-12-19

Total Pages: 192

ISBN-13: 1482220067

Providing a succinct introduction to the systemization, noise sources, and signal processes of image sensor technology, Essential Principles of Image Sensors discusses image information and its four factors: space, light intensity, wavelength, and time. Featuring clarifying and insightful illustrations, this must-have text: Explains how image sensors convert optical image information into image signals Treats space, wavelength, and time as digitized built-in coordinate points in image sensors and systems Details the operational principles, pixel technology, and evolution of CCD, MOS, and CMOS sensors with updated technology Describes sampling theory, presenting unique figures demonstrating the importance of phase Explores causes for the decline of image information quality In a straightforward manner suitable for beginners and experts alike, Essential Principles of Image Sensors covers key topics related to digital imaging including semiconductor physics, component elements necessary for image sensors, silicon as a sensitive material, noises in sensors, and more.

Essential Principles of Image Sensors

Author: Takao Kuroda

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-12-19

Total Pages: 196

ISBN-13: 1351831305

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Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras

Author: Junichi Nakamura

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-12-19

Total Pages: 336

ISBN-13: 1420026852

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Shrinking pixel sizes along with improvements in image sensors, optics, and electronics have elevated DSCs to levels of performance that match, and have the potential to surpass, that of silver-halide film cameras. Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras captures the current state of DSC image acquisition and signal processing technology and takes an all-inclusive look at the field, from the history of DSCs to future possibilities. The first chapter outlines the evolution of DSCs, their basic structure, and their major application classes. The next few chapters discuss high-quality optics that meet the requirements of better image sensors, the basic functions and performance parameters of image sensors, and detailed discussions of both CCD and CMOS image sensors. The book then discusses how color theory affects the uses of DSCs, presents basic image processing and camera control algorithms and examples of advanced image processing algorithms, explores the architecture and required performance of signal processing engines, and explains how to evaluate image quality for each component described. The book closes with a look at future technologies and the challenges that must be overcome to realize them. With contributions from many active DSC experts, Image Sensors and Image Processing for Digital Still Cameras offers unparalleled real-world coverage and opens wide the door for future innovation.

High Performance Silicon Imaging

Author: Daniel Durini

Publisher: Woodhead Publishing

Published: 2019-10-19

Total Pages: 522

ISBN-13: 0081024355

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High Performance Silicon Imaging: Fundamentals and Applications of CMOS and CCD Sensors, Second Edition, covers the fundamentals of silicon image sensors, addressing existing performance issues and current and emerging solutions. Silicon imaging is a fast growing area of the semiconductor industry. Its use in cell phone cameras is already well established, with emerging applications including web, security, automotive and digital cinema cameras. The book has been revised to reflect the latest state-of-the art developments in the field, including 3D imaging, advances in achieving lower signal noise, and new applications for consumer markets. The fundamentals section has also been expanded to include a chapter on the characterization and testing of CMOS and CCD sensors that is crucial to the success of new applications. This book is an excellent resource for both academics and engineers working in the optics, photonics, semiconductor and electronics industries. Covers the fundamentals of silicon-based image sensors and technical advances, focusing on performance issues Looks at image sensors in applications, such as mobile phones, scientific imaging, and TV broadcasting, and in automotive, consumer and biomedical applications Addresses the theory behind 3D imaging and 3D sensor development, including challenges and opportunities

Multispectral Image Sensors Using Metasurfaces

Author: Xin He

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2021-12-03

Total Pages: 122

ISBN-13: 9811675155

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This book presents how metasurfaces are exploited to develop new low-cost single sensor based multispectral cameras. Multispectral cameras extend the concept of conventional colour cameras to capture images with multiple color bands and with narrow spectral passbands. Images from a multispectral camera can extract significant amount of additional information that the human eye or a normal camera fails to capture and thus have important applications in precision agriculture, forestry, medicine, object identifications, and classifications. Conventional multispectral cameras are made up of multiple image sensors each externally fitted with a narrow passband wavelength filters, optics and multiple electronics. The need for multiple sensors for each band results in a number of problems such as being bulky, power hungry and suffering from image co-registration problems which in turn limits their wide usage. The above problems can be eliminated if a multispectral camera is developed using one single image sensor.

Per-Pixel Coded-Exposure CMOS Image Sensors

Author: Navid Sarhangnejad

Publisher:

Published: 2021

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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The ever-growing demand for applications of cameras necessitate research not only on improving the performance of image sensors but also on new image sensor architectures. One of the most recent image sensor architectures, based on coded-exposure pixels (CEP), allows for the programmability of exposure time at the pixel level, and allows for imaging in new ways that were not possible so far. In this thesis, first a comparison of different photo-detectors is presented to highlight their operation principle as well as their capabilities. Five photo-detector architectures are simulated to compare the most important specifications in CEP cameras, namely sensitivity and tap-contrast. Next, a first prototype, a CEP image sensor based on photogate (PG) pixels, is presented. The sensor has a total resolution of 180x160 pixels and is fabricated in 0.35um CMOS technology. Dual-tap pixels with per-tap conversion gain are proposed, where the photogenerated charges in the pixel are collected in one of the taps based on the code stored in the pixel at each interval of the exposure. The second prototype is an image sensor based on pinned-photodiode (PPD) pixels. The sensor is fabricated in a 0.11um CMOS technology with the main array consisting of 244x162 pixels. The dual-tap pixel proposed in this work has the same conversion gain for the two taps but provides per-tap adjustable gain in the readout. The array operates at a maximum subframe rate of 180Hz, which is equivalent to 4 subframes per frame at 25fps considering the overhead time of frame readout. The sensor is deployed in two different single-shot 3D computational imaging techniques. Finally, an architecture based on global-shutter PPD pixels is presented allowing the implementation of smallest CEP pixels (7um pitch) reported to date. The sensor is fabricated in 0.11um CMOS technology with a resolution of 312x320 pixels. In the proposed pixel, a pinned storage diode operates as a charge memory to pipeline the charge generation and charge sorting operations. At a subframe rate of 2.7kHz, a reasonable tap-contrast of more than 90% is measured. Finally, a few different computational imaging techniques that are demonstrated with this camera are presented.

The Essential Guide to Image Processing

Author: Alan C. Bovik

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2009-07-08

Total Pages: 877

ISBN-13: 0080922511

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A complete introduction to the basic and intermediate concepts of image processing from the leading people in the field Up-to-date content, including statistical modeling of natural, anistropic diffusion, image quality and the latest developments in JPEG 2000 This comprehensive and state-of-the art approach to image processing gives engineers and students a thorough introduction, and includes full coverage of key applications: image watermarking, fingerprint recognition, face recognition and iris recognition and medical imaging. "This book combines basic image processing techniques with some of the most advanced procedures. Introductory chapters dedicated to general principles are presented alongside detailed application-orientated ones. As a result it is suitably adapted for different classes of readers, ranging from Master to PhD students and beyond." – Prof. Jean-Philippe Thiran, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland "Al Bovik’s compendium proceeds systematically from fundamentals to today’s research frontiers. Professor Bovik, himself a highly respected leader in the field, has invited an all-star team of contributors. Students, researchers, and practitioners of image processing alike should benefit from the Essential Guide." – Prof. Bernd Girod, Stanford University, USA "This book is informative, easy to read with plenty of examples, and allows great flexibility in tailoring a course on image processing or analysis." – Prof. Pamela Cosman, University of California, San Diego, USA A complete and modern introduction to the basic and intermediate concepts of image processing – edited and written by the leading people in the field An essential reference for all types of engineers working on image processing applications Up-to-date content, including statistical modelling of natural, anisotropic diffusion, image quality and the latest developments in JPEG 2000

Time-of-Flight Cameras

Author: Miles Hansard

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-11-06

Total Pages: 102

ISBN-13: 1447146581

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Time-of-flight (TOF) cameras provide a depth value at each pixel, from which the 3D structure of the scene can be estimated. This new type of active sensor makes it possible to go beyond traditional 2D image processing, directly to depth-based and 3D scene processing. Many computer vision and graphics applications can benefit from TOF data, including 3D reconstruction, activity and gesture recognition, motion capture and face detection. It is already possible to use multiple TOF cameras, in order to increase the scene coverage, and to combine the depth data with images from several colour cameras. Mixed TOF and colour systems can be used for computational photography, including full 3D scene modelling, as well as for illumination and depth-of-field manipulations. This work is a technical introduction to TOF sensors, from architectural and design issues, to selected image processing and computer vision methods.

Ultra Low Noise CMOS Image Sensors

Author: Assim Boukhayma

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-09-04

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9783319886572

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This thesis provides a thorough noise analysis for conventional CIS readout chains, while also presenting and discussing a variety of noise reduction techniques that allow the read noise in standard processes to be optimized. Two physical implementations featuring sub-0.5-electron RMS are subsequently presented to verify the proposed noise reduction techniques and provide a full characterization of a VGA imager. Based on the verified noise calculation, the impact of the technology downscaling on the input-referred noise is also studied. Further, the thesis covers THz CMOS image sensors and presents an original design that achieves ultra-low-noise performance. Last but not least, it provides a comprehensive review of CMOS image sensors.

Image Sensors a Complete Guide

Author: Gerardus Blokdyk

Publisher: 5starcooks

Published: 2019-02-26

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13: 9780655531036

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Think of your Image Sensors project, what are the main functions? How will you measure your Image Sensors effectiveness? What are your key Image Sensors indicators that you will measure, analyze and track? What is your formula for success in Image Sensors ? What are the key enablers to make this Image Sensors move? This premium Image Sensors self-assessment will make you the entrusted Image Sensors domain auditor by revealing just what you need to know to be fluent and ready for any Image Sensors challenge. How do I reduce the effort in the Image Sensors work to be done to get problems solved? How can I ensure that plans of action include every Image Sensors task and that every Image Sensors outcome is in place? How will I save time investigating strategic and tactical options and ensuring Image Sensors costs are low? How can I deliver tailored Image Sensors advice instantly with structured going-forward plans? There's no better guide through these mind-expanding questions than acclaimed best-selling author Gerard Blokdyk. Blokdyk ensures all Image Sensors essentials are covered, from every angle: the Image Sensors self-assessment shows succinctly and clearly that what needs to be clarified to organize the required activities and processes so that Image Sensors outcomes are achieved. Contains extensive criteria grounded in past and current successful projects and activities by experienced Image Sensors practitioners. Their mastery, combined with the easy elegance of the self-assessment, provides its superior value to you in knowing how to ensure the outcome of any efforts in Image Sensors are maximized with professional results. Your purchase includes access details to the Image Sensors self-assessment dashboard download which gives you your dynamically prioritized projects-ready tool and shows you exactly what to do next. Your exclusive instant access details can be found in your book. You will receive the following contents with New and Updated specific criteria: - The latest quick edition of the book in PDF - The latest complete edition of the book in PDF, which criteria correspond to the criteria in... - The Self-Assessment Excel Dashboard - Example pre-filled Self-Assessment Excel Dashboard to get familiar with results generation - In-depth and specific Image Sensors Checklists - Project management checklists and templates to assist with implementation INCLUDES LIFETIME SELF ASSESSMENT UPDATES Every self assessment comes with Lifetime Updates and Lifetime Free Updated Books. Lifetime Updates is an industry-first feature which allows you to receive verified self assessment updates, ensuring you always have the most accurate information at your fingertips.