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Effect of Spaceflight and Spaceflight Analogue Culture on Human and Microbial Cells

Author: Cheryl A. Nickerson

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-05-21

Total Pages: 310

ISBN-13: 1493932772

Many breakthroughs in biological research and translational healthcare advancements have been achieved by studying the response of biological systems to extreme environments. The spaceflight platform provides a unique environment where researchers can explore fundamental questions into cellular and molecular response mechanisms to unveil novel insight into human health and disease. Since the physical force of gravity has shaped the architecture of all biological systems on our planet, spaceflight provides the opportunity to see life in a new adaptational mode - in response to reduced gravity. This enables investigations into the effects of the microgravity environment and associated changes in mechanical forces on mammalian cells/tissues and microbial pathogens, to bring novel insight into disease mechanisms, which are not discernable using conventional experimental approaches. Research using spaceflight platforms represents a paradigm shift in how we observe life processes and is on the leading edge of research discoveries into cellular and molecular mechanisms of health and disease. By incorporating the views of leading authors, this book highlights landmark discoveries and advances in mammalian cellular and microbiology research in both true spaceflight and ground-based spaceflight analogue environments for scientists and students alike who are interested in the influence of physical forces on mammalian and microbial cells, how this impacts transition between normal homeostasis and disease, and basic mechanisms of adaptation to low gravity environments. To provide a thorough understanding of this research, this book covers a range of topics including: (i) description the physical forces interacting with cells in microgravity and microgravity analogue environments, (ii) how alterations in these cellular forces impact human physiology, specifically immune function, (iii) use of these environments to develop organotypic three-dimensional (3-D) tissue culture models as predictive human surrogates for organogenesis and disease research, and (iv) microbial pathogen responses to culture in these environments, focusing on infectious disease Collectively, this information reflects a critical step in preparation for long-duration human space exploration, advances our knowledge of basic biological processes and mechanisms important to understand normal function and disease, and may lead to new strategies for treatment and prevention.

Principles of Tissue Engineering

Author: Robert Lanza

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2020-03-26

Total Pages: 1679

ISBN-13: 0128214015

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Now in its fifth edition, Principles of Tissue Engineering has been the definite resource in the field of tissue engineering for more than a decade. The fifth edition provides an update on this rapidly progressing field, combining the prerequisites for a general understanding of tissue growth and development, the tools and theoretical information needed to design tissues and organs, as well as a presentation by the world’s experts of what is currently known about each specific organ system. As in previous editions, this book creates a comprehensive work that strikes a balance among the diversity of subjects that are related to tissue engineering, including biology, chemistry, material science, and engineering, among others, while also emphasizing those research areas that are likely to be of clinical value in the future. This edition includes greatly expanded focus on stem cells, including induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, stem cell niches, and blood components from stem cells. This research has already produced applications in disease modeling, toxicity testing, drug development, and clinical therapies. This up-to-date coverage of stem cell biology and the application of tissue-engineering techniques for food production – is complemented by a series of new and updated chapters on recent clinical experience in applying tissue engineering, as well as a new section on the emerging technologies in the field. Organized into twenty-three parts, covering the basics of tissue growth and development, approaches to tissue and organ design, and a summary of current knowledge by organ system Introduces a new section and chapters on emerging technologies in the field Full-color presentation throughout

Microbiology of Atypical Environments

Author:

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2018-10-23

Total Pages: 437

ISBN-13: 0128146052

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Microbiology of Atypical Environments, Volume 45, presents a comprehensive reference text on the microbiological methods used to research the basic biology of microorganism in harsh, stressful and sometimes atypical environments (e.g. arctic ice, space stations, extraterrestrial environments, hot springs and magnetic environments). Chapters in this release include Biofilms in space, Methods for studying the survival of microorganisms in extraterrestrial environments, Persistence of Fungi in Atypical (Closed) Environments Based on Evidence from the International Space Station (ISS): Distribution and Significance to Human health, Methods for visualizing microorganisms in Icy environments, Measuring microbial metabolism at surface-air interfaces and nuclear waste management, amongst others. Contains both established and emerging methods Provides excellent reference lists on the topics covered

Biological and Medical Research in Space

Author: David Moore

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 582

ISBN-13: 3642610994

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Life Science studies in space were initially driven by the need to explore how man could survive spaceflight conditions; the effects of being launched un der high accelerations, exposed to weightlessness and radiation for different periods of time, and returned to Earth in safety. In order to substantiate the detailed knowledge of potentially adverse effects, many model experiments were launched using organisms which ranged from bacteria, plants, inverte brates, rodents and primates through to man. Although no immediate life threatening effects were found, these experiments can be considered today as the precursors to life science research in space. Many unexplained effects on these life forms were attributed to the condition of weightlessness. Most of them were poorly recorded, poorly published, or left simply with anecdotal information. Only with the advent of Skylab, and later Spacelab, did the idea emerge, and indeed the infrastructure permit, weightlessness to be considered as an ex tended tool for research into some fundamental mechanisms or processes as sociated with the effect of gravity on organisms at all levels. The initial hy pothesis to extrapolate from hypergravity through 1 x g to near 0 x g effects could no longer be retained, since many of the experiment results were seen to contradict the models or theories in the current textbooks of biology and physiology. The past decade has been dedicated primarily to exploratory research.

Characterizing the Impact of Low Shear Modeled Microgravity on Population Dynamics, Biofilm Formation and Silver Susceptibility of Microbial Consortia Isolated from International Space Station Potable Water

Author: Olivia G. King

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages: 55

ISBN-13:

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Understanding how microorganisms adapt and respond to the microgravity environment of spaceflight is important for the function and integrity of onboard life support systems, astronaut health and mission success. Microbial contamination of spacecraft Environmental Life Support Systems (ECLSS), including the potable water system, are well documented and have caused major disruption to spaceflight missions. The potable water system on the International Space Station (ISS) uses recycled wastewater purified by multiple processes so it is safe for astronaut consumption and personal hygiene. However, despite stringent antimicrobial treatments, multiple bacterial species and biofilms have been recovered from this potable water system. This finding raises concern for crew health risks, vehicle operations and ECLSS system integrity during exploration missions. These concerns are further heightened given that 1) potential pathogens have been isolated from the ISS potable water system, 2) the immune response of astronauts is blunted during spaceflight, 3) spaceflight induces unexpected alterations in microbial responses, including growth and biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, stress responses, and virulence, and 4) different microbial phenotypes are often observed between reductionistic pure cultures as compared to more complex multispecies co-cultures, the latter of which are more representative of natural environmental conditions. To advance the understanding of the impact of microgravity on microbial responses that could negatively impact spacecraft ECLSS systems and crew health, this study characterized a range of phenotypic profiles in both pure and co-cultures of bacterial isolates collected from the ISS potable water system between 2009 and 2014. Microbial responses profiled included population dynamics, resistance to silver, biofilm formation, and in vitro colonization of intestinal epithelial cells. Growth characteristics and antibiotic sensitivities for bacterial strains were evaluated to develop selective and/or differential media that allow for isolation of a pure culture from co-cultures, which was critical for the success of this study. Bacterial co-culture experiments were performed using dynamic Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) bioreactors under spaceflight analogue (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) and control conditions. These experiments indicated changes in fluid shear have minimal impact on strain recovery. The antimicrobial efficacy of silver on both sessile co-cultures, grown on 316L stainless steel coupons, and planktonic co-cultures showed that silver did not uniformly reduce the recovery of all strains; however, it had a stronger antimicrobial effect on biofilm cultures than planktonic cultures. The impact of silver on the ability of RWV cultured planktonic and biofilm bacterial co-cultures to colonize human intestinal epithelial cells showed that, those strains which were impacted by silver treatment, often increased adherence to the monolayer. Results from these studies provide insight into the dynamics of polymicrobial community interactions, biofilm formation and survival mechanisms of ISS potable water isolates, with potential application for future design of ECLSS systems for sustainable human space exploration.

Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration

Author: Nihal Vrana

Publisher: Woodhead Publishing

Published: 2020-03-20

Total Pages: 847

ISBN-13: 0081029071

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Biomaterials for Organ and Tissue Regeneration: New Technologies and Future Prospects examines the use of biomaterials in applications related to artificial tissues and organs. With a strong focus on fundamental and traditional tissue engineering strategies, the book also examines how emerging and enabling technologies are being developed and applied. Sections provide essential information on biomaterial, cell properties and cell types used in organ generation. A section on state-of-the-art in organ regeneration for clinical purposes is followed by a discussion on enabling technologies, such as bioprinting, on chip organ systems and in silico simulations. Provides a systematic overview of the field, from fundamentals, to current challenges and opportunities Encompasses the classic paradigm of tissue engineering for creation of new functional tissue Discusses enabling technologies such as bioprinting, organ-on-chip systems and in silico simulations

Results of Investigation of the Effect of Cosmic Radiation and Other Factors of Cosmic Flight on Lysogenic Bacteria and Human Cell Cultures

Author: N. N. Zhukov-Verezhnikov

Publisher:

Published: 1967

Total Pages: 9

ISBN-13:

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Single-layer cultures of normal human cells (fibroblasts and amniotic cells) and human cancer cells (Hela strain), together with cultures of lysogenic bacteria (E. coli K-12), have been consistently used as radiation indicators on Soviet spacecraft. Results of these experiments show that repeated exposure of a culture of Hela cells to spaceflight factors on the 'Vostok-4' and 'Vostok-6' flights produced changes in experimental cells as compared with laboratory controls and with Hela cells exposed on one spaceflight only. A longer latent period of recovery of growth capacity and other characteristics were noted in twice-flown cultures. In addition, the coefficient of proliferation for Hela cells exposed on both 'Vostok-4' and 'Vostok-6' was one-half that for intact controls and for Hela cells exposed to spaceflight only once. These data suggest that spaceflight factors have a direct dependence of biological effect on length of spaceflight exposure has not been established in experiments with the other radiation indicator, the lysogenic bacteria E. coli K-12. It is interesting to note that when the same Hela cells used on 'Vostok-4' and 'Vostok-6' were also exposed on 'Voskhod-1', a well-defined drop in the proliferation coefficient was observed in comparison with intact cultures. Other reliable differences were also found between intact controls and thrice-exposed cultures. However, no reliable differences could be detected between thrice-exposed Hela cells and a control strain used only on 'Vostok-6'. It is suggested that the biological effect of spaceflight may be the result of the combined influence of radiation, vibration, and weightlessness.

Stress Challenges and Immunity in Space

Author: Alexander Chouker

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-12-20

Total Pages: 462

ISBN-13: 3642222722

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Stress of either psychological or physical nature can activate and/or paralyse humans’ innate and adaptive immunity. However, adequate immunity is crucial to the maintenance of health on earth and in space. During space flight, human physiology and health are challenged by complex environmental stressors which might be at their most pronounced during lunar or interplanetary missions. While previous publications have addressed the physiological changes that occur during space flight, this book goes further, by adopting an interdisciplinary approach to analyze the complex interaction of living conditions in space, the immune system, and astronauts’ health. It is explained how such analysis of the consequences of stress for the immune system may help in preventing, diagnosing, and counteracting immune-related alterations in health on earth as well as in space

Into Space

Author: Thais Russomano

Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand

Published: 2018-05-30

Total Pages: 298

ISBN-13: 1789232201

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Our anatomy and physiology have been completely shaped by Earth's gravity. All body systems function in synergy with this unseen force. Yet, as we journey further and longer into space, our bodies must conform to a new reality, wherein gravity is absent or reduced, cosmic radiation threatens and our social and familial connections become distant. Into Space: A Journey of How Humans Adapt and Live in Microgravity gives an overview of some of the physiological, anatomical and cellular changes that occur in space and their effects on different body systems, such as the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal, and touches on cultural and psychosocial aspects of leaving behind family and the safety of Earth. It further addresses the complexity of manned space flights, showing how interdisciplinary this subject is and discussing the challenges that space physiologists, physicians and scientists must face as humans seek to conquer the final frontier.

Humans in Spaceflight

Author: Arnauld E. Nicogossian

Publisher: AIAA

Published: 1997-03-31

Total Pages: 328

ISBN-13: 9781563471803

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This third volume in the Space Biology and Medicine series addresses the major issues concerning humans in space, such as metabolism, the immune system, neurosensory and sensory motor functions, gravitational biology, radiation, pharmacokinetics and much more. It is composed of two parts: Effects of Microgravity and Effects of Other Spaceflight Factors. As in the previous two volumes, the contributing authors are experts in their respective fields.