The Carthaginians

The Carthaginians PDF

Author: Dexter Hoyos

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2010-06-10

Total Pages: 324

ISBN-13: 1136968628

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The Carthaginians reveals the complex culture, society and achievements of a famous, yet misunderstood, ancient people. Beginning as Phoenician settlers in North Africa, the Carthaginians then broadened their civilization with influences from neighbouring North African peoples, Egypt, and the Greek world. Their own cultural influence in turn spread across the Western Mediterranean as they imposed dominance over Sardinia, western Sicily, and finally southern Spain. As a stable republic Carthage earned respectful praise from Greek observers, notably Aristotle, and from many Romans – even Cato, otherwise notorious for insisting that ‘Carthage must be destroyed’. Carthage matched the great city-state of Syracuse in power and ambition, then clashed with Rome for mastery of the Mediterranean West. For a time, led by her greatest general Hannibal, she did become the leading power between the Atlantic and the Adriatic. It was chiefly after her destruction in 146 BC that Carthage came to be depicted by Greeks and Romans as an alien civilization, harsh, gloomy and bloodstained. Demonising the victim eased the embarrassment of Rome’s aggression; Virgil in his Aeneid was one of the few to offer a more sensitive vision. Exploring both written and archaeological evidence, The Carthaginians reveals a complex, multicultural and innovative people whose achievements left an indelible impact on their Roman conquerors and on history.

The Lost Colonies of Ancient America

The Lost Colonies of Ancient America PDF

Author: Frank Joseph

Publisher: Red Wheel/Weiser

Published: 2013-10-21

Total Pages: 320

ISBN-13: 1601635141

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Was America truly unknown to the outside world until Christopher Columbus "discovered" it in 1492? Could a people gifted enough to raise the Great Pyramid more than 4,000 years ago have lacked the skills necessary to build a ship capable of crossing the Atlantic? Did the Phoenicians, who circumnavigated the African continent in 600 bc, never consider sailing farther? Were the Vikings, the most fearless warriors and seafarers of all time, terrified at the prospect of a transoceanic voyage? If so, how are we to account for an Egyptian temple accidentally unearthed by Tennessee Valley Authority workers in 1935? What is a beautifully crafted metal plate with the image of a Phoenician woman doing in the Utah desert? And who can explain the discovery of Viking houses and wharves excavated outside of Boston? These enigmas are but a tiny fraction of the abundant physical proof for Old World visitors to our continent hundreds and thousands of years ago. In addition, Sumerians, Minoans, Romans, Celts, ancient Hebrews, Indonesians, Africans, Chinese, Japanese, Welsh, Irish, and the Knights Templar all made their indelible, if neglected, mark on our land.

Secrets of Ancient America

Secrets of Ancient America PDF

Author: Carl Lehrburger

Publisher: Simon and Schuster

Published: 2015-01-02

Total Pages: 480

ISBN-13: 159143775X

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The real history of the New World and the visitors, from both East and West, who traveled to the Americas long before 1492 • Provides more than 300 photographs and drawings, including Celtic runes in New England, Gaelic inscriptions in Colorado, and Asian symbols in the West • Reinterprets many archaeological finds, such as the Ohio Serpent Mound • Reveals Celtic, Hebrew, Roman, early Christian, Templar, Egyptian, Chinese, and Japanese influences in North American artifacts and ruins As the myth of Columbus “discovering” America falls from the pedestal of established history, we are given the opportunity to discover the real story of the New World and the visitors, from both East and West, who traveled there long before 1492. Sharing his more than 25 years of research and travel to sites throughout North America, Carl Lehrburger employs epigraphy, archaeology, and archaeoastronomy to reveal extensive evidence for pre-Columbian explorers in ancient America. He provides more than 300 photographs and drawings of sites, relics, and rock art, including Celtic and Norse runes in New England, Phoenician and Hebrew inscriptions in the Midwest, and ancient Shiva linga and Egyptian hieroglyphs in the West. He uncovers the real story of Columbus and his motives for coming to the Americas. He reinterprets many well-known archaeological and astronomical finds, such as the Ohio Serpent Mound, America’s Stonehenge in New Hampshire, and the Crespi Collection in Ecuador. He reveals Celtic, Hebrew, Roman, early Christian, Templar, Egyptian, Chinese, and Japanese influences in famous stones and ruins, reconstructing the record of what really happened on the American continents prior to Columbus. He also looks at Hindu influences in Mesoamerica and sacred sexuality encoded in archaeological sites. Expanding upon the work of well-known diffusionists such as Barry Fell and Gunnar Thompson, the author documents the travels and settlements of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific explorers, miners, and settlers who made it to the Americas and left their marks for us to discover. Interpreting their sacred symbols, he shows how their teachings, prayers, and cosmologies reveal the cosmic order and sacred landscape of the Americas.

They Came Before Columbus

They Came Before Columbus PDF

Author: Ivan Van Sertima

Publisher: Random House Trade Paperbacks

Published: 2003-09-23

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13:

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"The African presence in ancient America"--Jacket subtitle.

The History of the Discovery and Settlement of America

The History of the Discovery and Settlement of America PDF

Author: William Robertson

Publisher: Theclassics.Us

Published: 2013-09

Total Pages: 378

ISBN-13: 9781230294698

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This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1841 edition. Excerpt: ... QUESTIONS FOB THE EXAMINATION OF STUDENTS. BY JOHN FROST, A.M. QUESTIONS iAjIINATION OF STUDENTS IN ROBERTSONS HISTORY OF AMERICA. 2r.S.--TJuJlgwes prefixed to each paragraph refer to the pages of Harper's sUreotyps edition of Robertson's History of America. leaders?--Describe the voyage of Of Himlico. Page 21. Describe the voyage said in have been accomplished by a Phoenician fleet fitted out hy Ncclio.--Who else is said to have accom plished the same?--Are these accounts wrll authenticated?--Why did the Phoenician and Carthaginian voyagers conceal their discoveries?--When did the memorials of their naval skill perwh?--Did the Greeks and Romans learn navigation and commerce from the Phoenicians and Carthaginians?--What was the first object among the early Grecian voyagers?--What was the extent of the famous expedition of the Argonauts?--What is the modern name of the Euxine Sea?--Had navigation advanced much in Homer's time I Page S3 Describe the ships of ihjearty Greeks.--To hat rank among maritime nations did th ancientGrecks afterward arrive!--What sort of vessels were used in the Persian war?--How far did the ancient Grecian commerce extend?--With whom was their chief inter course?-What places did they occasional! visit?--Which way from Greece is Asia Mi no or Lesser Asia?--Italy?--Sicily T--'I he Euxine 1--The Hellespont?--What example of the Ignorance of the Greek Is quoted?--How far did the geographical knowledge of the Creek extend?--Of what facts were they ignorant Page 33. What expedition enlarged the geographical knowledge of the Greeks?--What commercial republic was among the conquests of Alex ander?--After reducing Tyro and Egypt what plan did he Ibrm?--What city did he found--Wcsret--With what design?--What was the...

Who Really Discovered America?

Who Really Discovered America? PDF

Author: Stephen Krensky

Publisher: Scholastic

Published: 1987

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13: 9780590408547

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Examines the races, tribes, wanderers, and explorers who may have found America before Columbus, including the prehistoric nomads who crossed the land bridge from Asia and possible Polynesian, Phoenician, and European visitors by sea.

1421: The Year China Discovered The World

1421: The Year China Discovered The World PDF

Author: Gavin Menzies

Publisher: National Geographic Books

Published: 2003-11-25

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 0553815229

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On 8 March 1421, the largest fleet the world had ever seen set sail from China. The ships, some nearly five hundred feet long, were under the command of Emperor Zhu Di's loyal eunuch admirals. Their mission was 'to proceed all the way to the end of the earth to collect tribute from the barbarians beyond the seas' and unite the world in Confucian harmony. Their journey would last for over two years and take them around the globe but by the time they returned home, China was beginning its long, self-imposed isolation from the world it had so recently embraced. And so the great ships were left to rot and the records of their journey were destroyed. And with them, the knowledge that the Chinese had circumnavigated the globe a century before Magellan, reached America seventy years before Columbus, and Australia three hundred and fifty years before Cook... The result of fifteen years research, 1421 is Gavin Menzies' enthralling account of the voyage of the Chinese fleet, the remarkable discoveries he made and the persuasive evidence to support them: ancient maps, precise navigational knowledge, astronomy and the surviving accounts of Chinese explorers and the later European navigators as well as the traces the fleet left behind - from sunken junks to the votive offerings left by the Chinese sailors wherever they landed, giving thanks to Shao Lin, goddess of the sea. Already hailed as a classic, this is the story of an extraordinary journey of discovery that not only radically alters our understanding of world exploration but also rewrites history itself.