Cross-Connection Control Manual

Cross-Connection Control Manual PDF

Author: U.s. Environmental Protection Agency

Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform

Published: 2013-11-20

Total Pages: 50

ISBN-13: 9781493774708

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Plumbing cross-connections, which are defined as actual or potential connections between a potable and nonpotable water supply, constitute a serious public health hazard. There are numerous, welldocumented cases where crossconnections have been responsible for contamination of drinking water, and have resulted in the spread of disease. The problem is a dynamic one, because piping systems are continually being installed, altered, or extended.

Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies

Impacts of Cross-Connections in North American Water Supplies PDF

Author: J. Lee

Publisher: IWA Publishing

Published: 2004-01-01

Total Pages: 228

ISBN-13: 1843398435

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For many years, cross-connections and backflow have been well understood. Programs to prevent unhealthy situations from happening have been in place for many years. However, a general and extensive study on their impacts, types of programs, incidents, and financial repercussions has not been conducted. Many computer models for steady state or quasi-steady state simulation exist, but applications for transient state simulation, especially demonstrating backflow incidents, have rarely been done.The first objective of this project was to assess the impacts, financial and otherwise, of cross-connections and cross-connection control in North American water supplies and to North American water purveyors. The project team also planned to create and use a computer model to simulate and demonstrate hydraulic changes in the transient state.Of the over 700 utilities surveyed, 91% were found to have a cross-connection control program. Survey data indicated 65% of cross-connections were indirect and 35% were direct. Sudden changes of water demands in piping networks can cause sub-atmospheric pressures within the systems resulting in backflow incidents. Systems with larger variances in ground elevations have the greater possibility of creating sub-atmospheric pressures as water demands in the systems change.Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003 This publication can also be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below

Backflow Prevention: Theory and Practice

Backflow Prevention: Theory and Practice PDF

Author: University Of Treeo Florida

Publisher:

Published: 2019-05-30

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781524992583

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Provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of backflow that serves as both textbook and reference manual for working with potable and non-potable water supply systems. Chapters include coverage of the essentials of backflow and an exploration of the associated hazards, prevention, troubleshooting, and more.

Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Drinking Water Distribution Systems PDF

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2007-01-22

Total Pages: 405

ISBN-13: 0309103061

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Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.

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