Credit Policies
Author: Dimitri Vittas
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Published: 1995
Total Pages: 44
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: Dimitri Vittas
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Published: 1995
Total Pages: 44
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: Dimitri Vittas
Publisher:
Published: 1999
Total Pages:
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →May 1995 Directed credit programs should be small, narrowly focused, and of limited duration (with clear sunset provisions). They should be financed by long-term funds to prevent inflation and macroeconomic instability. Directed credit programs were a major tool of development in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, their usefulness was reconsidered. Experience in most countries showed that they stimulated capital-intensive projects, that preferential funds were often (mis)used for nonpriority purposes, that a decline in financial discipline led to low repayment rates, and that budget deficits swelled. Moreover, the programs were hard to remove. But Japan and other East Asian countries have long touted the merits of focused, well-managed directed credit programs, saying they are warranted when there is a significant discrepancy between private and social benefits, when investment risk is too high on certain projects, and when information problems discourage lending to small and medium-size firms. The assumption underlying policy-based assistance and other forms of industrial assistance (such as lower taxes) is that the main constraint on new or expanding enterprises is limited access to credit. Vittas and Cho give an overview of credit policies in East Asian countries (China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea) as well as India, and summarize what these countries have learned about directed credit programs. Among the lessons: * Credit programs must be small, narrowly focused, and of limited duration (with clear sunset provisions). * Subsidies must be low to minimize distortion of incentives as well as the tax on financial intermediation that all such programs entail. * Credit programs must be financed by long-term funds to prevent inflation and macroeconomic instability. Recourse to central bank credit should be avoided except in the very early stages of development when the central bank's assistance can help jump-start economic growth. * They should aim at achieving positive externalities (or avoiding negative ones). Any help to declining industries should include plans for their timely phaseout. * They should promote industrialization and export orientation in a competitive private sector with internationally competitive operations. * They should be part of a credible vision of economic development that promotes growth with equity and should involve a long-term strategy to develop a sound financial system. * Policy-based loans should be channeled through well-capitalized, administratively capable financial institutions, professionally managed by autonomous managers. * They should be based on clear, objective, easily monitorable criteria. * Programs should aim for a good repayment record and few losses. * They should be supported by effective mechanisms for communication and consultation between the public and private sectors, including the collection and dissemination of basic market information. This paper -- a product of the Financial Sector Development Department -- is part of a larger effort in the department to study the effectiveness of policy-based finance in East Asia.
Author: Kim B. Staking
Publisher: IDB
Published: 1997
Total Pages: 200
ISBN-13: 9781886938236
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: Ms.Kalpana Kochhar
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 1998-09-01
Total Pages: 56
ISBN-13: 1451935544
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This paper reviews macroeconomic developments during the first year of the crisis in east Asia and draws some preliminary policy lessons. The crisis is rooted in the interaction of large capital inflows and weak private and public sector governance. At the same time, macroeconomic adjustment in these countries has resulted in some surprising outcomes, including severe economic contractions, low inflation, and rapid external adjustment. The lessons for crisis resolution include the importance of tight monetary policy early on for exchange rate stabilization, flexible fiscal policy, and comprehensive structural reform. Crises are avoided by prudent macroeconomic policies, diligent bank supervision, transparent data dissemination, strong governance, and forward-looking policymaking, even in good times.
Author: Carl-Johan Lindgren
Publisher:
Published: 1999
Total Pages: 103
ISBN-13: 9781557758712
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →An IMF paper reviewing the policy responses of Indonesia, Korea and Thailand to the 1997 Asian crisis, comparing the actions of these three countries with those of Malaysia and the Philippines. Although all judgements are still tentative, important lessons can be learned from the experiences of the last two years.
Author: José Edgardo L. Campos
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
Published: 1996
Total Pages: 224
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Examines the factors behind the remarkable success of the East Asian "miracle" economies.
Author: Guogang Wang
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2017-03-13
Total Pages: 209
ISBN-13: 1137524189
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This book is distinctive among current studies on this topic. The Chinese economy has entered a period of transformation, which has brought changes to the finance market and consumer habits. For a long time, topics such as monetary policy, reform, financial risks and so forth have been the focus. But there have been few studies of those aspects of the consumer finance market that are directly related to private consumption. Studies on this topic, to which this book contributes, are necessary for understanding the current economic situation in China. This is a full-scale comparative study of consumer finance in China, Japan and South Korea, and will draw lessons for China in this area from the experience of the other two countries.
Author: Sergio L. Schmukler
Publisher:
Published: 2016
Total Pages: 55
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Currency and banking cris ...