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Classifying Science

Author: Rick Szostak

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-11-03

Total Pages: 300

ISBN-13: 1402030959

Classification is the essential first step in science. The study of science, as well as the practice of science, will thus benefit from a detailed classification of different types of science. In this book, science - defined broadly to include the social sciences and humanities - is first unpacked into its constituent elements: the phenomena studied, the data used, the theories employed, the methods applied, and the practices of scientists. These five elements are then classified in turn. Notably, the classifications of both theory types and methods allow the key strengths and weaknesses of different theories and methods to be readily discerned and compared. Connections across classifications are explored: should certain theories or phenomena be investigated only with certain methods? What is the proper function and form of scientific paradigms? Are certain common errors and biases in scientific practice associated with particular phenomena, data, theories, or methods? The classifications point to several ways of improving both specialized and interdisciplinary research and teaching, and especially of enhancing communication across communities of scholars. The classifications also support a superior system of document classification that would allow searches by theory and method used as well as causal links investigated.

Classifying Living Things

Author: Darlene R. Stille

Publisher: Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP

Published: 2007-07-07

Total Pages: 52

ISBN-13: 9780836884388

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Examines the ways that living things are classified into groups according to their characteristics.

Let's Classify Animals!

Author: Kelli Hicks

Publisher: Carson-Dellosa Publishing

Published: 2019-02-08

Total Pages: 28

ISBN-13: 1731607393

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Book Features: • 24 Pages, 8 inches x 8 inches • Ages 7-8, Grades 2-3 Leveled Readers, Lexile 600L • Simple, easy-to-read pages with vibrant images • Features a teaching focus on synonyms for young readers • Includes bolded vocabulary words, an index, and post-reading questions for comprehension Bringing Learning to Life: In Let’s Classify Animals, second—third graders learn about animal classification and different groups of species. Science Made Fun: Are reptiles warm-blooded or cold-blooded? What about mammals? Young readers learn about different species groups and how each animal gets classified into them in this kid’s book. Build Reading Skills: This engaging 24-page children’s book will help your child improve comprehension and build confidence with post-reading comprehension questions, extension activities, and high frequency vocabulary words. Leveled Reading: Part of the My Science Library series, the early reading text and vibrant photographs make this kid’s book a fun, informative title that teaches children about classifying different species in the animal kingdom. Why Rourke Educational Media: Since 1980, Rourke Publishing Company has specialized in publishing engaging and diverse non-fiction and fiction books for children in a wide range of subjects that support reading success on a level that has no limits.

Learning to Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines

Author: Thorsten Joachims

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 218

ISBN-13: 1461509076

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Based on ideas from Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Learning To Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines presents a new approach to generating text classifiers from examples. The approach combines high performance and efficiency with theoretical understanding and improved robustness. In particular, it is highly effective without greedy heuristic components. The SVM approach is computationally efficient in training and classification, and it comes with a learning theory that can guide real-world applications. Learning To Classify Text Using Support Vector Machines gives a complete and detailed description of the SVM approach to learning text classifiers, including training algorithms, transductive text classification, efficient performance estimation, and a statistical learning model of text classification. In addition, it includes an overview of the field of text classification, making it self-contained even for newcomers to the field. This book gives a concise introduction to SVMs for pattern recognition, and it includes a detailed description of how to formulate text-classification tasks for machine learning.

The Nature of Classification

Author: J. Wilkins

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2013-11-27

Total Pages: 197

ISBN-13: 1137318120

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Discussing the generally ignored issue of the classification of natural objects in the philosophy of science, this book focuses on knowledge and social relations, and offers a way to understand classification as a necessary aspect of doing science.

Religion, Science, and Empire

Author: Peter Gottschalk

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 442

ISBN-13: 0195393015

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Peter Gottschalk offers a compelling study of how, through the British implementation of scientific taxonomy in the subcontinent, Britons and Indians identified an inherent divide between mutually antagonistic religious communities. England's ascent to power coincided with the rise of empirical science as an authoritative way of knowing not only the natural world, but the human one as well. The British scientific passion for classification, combined with the Christian impulse to differentiate people according to religion, led to a designation of Indians as either Hindu or Muslim according to rigidly defined criteria that paralleled classification in botanical and zoological taxonomies. Through an historical and ethnographic study of the north Indian village of Chainpur, Gottschalk shows that the Britons' presumed categories did not necessarily reflect the Indians' concepts of their own identities, though many Indians came to embrace this scientism and gradually accepted the categories the British instituted through projects like the Census of India, the Archaeological Survey of India, and the India Museum. Today's propogators of Hindu-Muslim violence often cite scientistic formulations of difference that descend directly from the categories introduced by imperial Britain. Religion, Science, and Empire will be a valuable resource to anyone interested in the colonial and postcolonial history of religion in India.

The Classification of the Sciences

Author: Herbert Spencer

Publisher:

Published: 1864

Total Pages: 68

ISBN-13:

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Sorting Things Out

Author: Geoffrey C. Bowker

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2000-08-25

Total Pages: 390

ISBN-13: 0262522950

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A revealing and surprising look at how classification systems can shape both worldviews and social interactions. What do a seventeenth-century mortality table (whose causes of death include "fainted in a bath," "frighted," and "itch"); the identification of South Africans during apartheid as European, Asian, colored, or black; and the separation of machine- from hand-washables have in common? All are examples of classification—the scaffolding of information infrastructures. In Sorting Things Out, Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star explore the role of categories and standards in shaping the modern world. In a clear and lively style, they investigate a variety of classification systems, including the International Classification of Diseases, the Nursing Interventions Classification, race classification under apartheid in South Africa, and the classification of viruses and of tuberculosis. The authors emphasize the role of invisibility in the process by which classification orders human interaction. They examine how categories are made and kept invisible, and how people can change this invisibility when necessary. They also explore systems of classification as part of the built information environment. Much as an urban historian would review highway permits and zoning decisions to tell a city's story, the authors review archives of classification design to understand how decisions have been made. Sorting Things Out has a moral agenda, for each standard and category valorizes some point of view and silences another. Standards and classifications produce advantage or suffering. Jobs are made and lost; some regions benefit at the expense of others. How these choices are made and how we think about that process are at the moral and political core of this work. The book is an important empirical source for understanding the building of information infrastructures.

The Five Kingdom System | Classifying Living Things | Book of Science for Kids 5th Grade | Children's Biology Books

Author: Baby Professor

Publisher: Speedy Publishing LLC

Published: 2020-12-31

Total Pages: 83

ISBN-13: 1541951204

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All living things can be classified depending on their characteristics. There is a total of five major kingdoms used in the classification. These are: Monera, Fungi, Animalia, Protista and Plantae. How are organisms classified? Well, there’s a system in doing that, which will be discussed in the following pages too. Grab a copy for your fifth grader today.

The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science

Author: John L. Heilbron

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2003-02-14

Total Pages: 994

ISBN-13: 9780195112290

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Containing 609 encyclopedic articles written by more than 200 prominent scholars, The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science presents an unparalleled history of the field invaluable to anyone with an interest in the technology, ideas, discoveries, and learned institutions that have shaped our world over the past five centuries. Focusing on the period from the Renaissance to the early twenty-first century, the articles cover all disciplines (Biology, Alchemy, Behaviorism), historical periods (the Scientific Revolution, World War II, the Cold War), concepts (Hypothesis, Space and Time, Ether), and methodologies and philosophies (Observation and Experiment, Darwinism). Coverage is international, tracing the spread of science from its traditional centers and explaining how the prevailing knowledge of non-Western societies has modified or contributed to the dominant global science as it is currently understood. Revealing the interplay between science and the wider culture, the Companion includes entries on topics such as minority groups, art, religion, and science's practical applications. One hundred biographies of the most iconic historic figures, chosen for their contributions to science and the interest of their lives, are also included. Above all The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science is a companion to world history: modern in coverage, generous in breadth, and cosmopolitan in scope. The volume's utility is enhanced by a thematic outline of the entire contents, a thorough system of cross-referencing, and a detailed index that enables the reader to follow a specific line of inquiry along various threads from multiple starting points. Each essay has numerous suggestions for further reading, all of which favor literature that is accessible to the general reader, and a bibliographical essay provides a general overview of the scholarship in the field. Lastly, as a contribution to the visual appeal of the Companion, over 100 black-and-white illustrations and an eight-page color section capture the eye and spark the imagination.