Circadian Control of Immunity

Circadian Control of Immunity PDF

Author: Koichi Ikuta

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2021-02-03

Total Pages: 105

ISBN-13: 2889664325

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We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). We hereby state publicly that the IUIS has had no editorial input in articles included in this Research Topic, thus ensuring that all aspects of this Research Topic are evaluated objectively, unbiased by any specific policy or opinion of the IUIS.

Circadian Regulation of Innate Immunity and MicroRNAs in Drosophila Melanogaster

Circadian Regulation of Innate Immunity and MicroRNAs in Drosophila Melanogaster PDF

Author: Jung-Eun Lee

Publisher:

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 126

ISBN-13:

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The main parts of my thesis are studies aimed at investigating circadian regulation of innate immunity using Drosophila as a model system. In unrelated work, I also participated in a collaborative study showing circadian regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) in Drosophila. We sought to determine if the innate immune response is under circadian regulation and whether this impacts overall health status. To this end, Drosophila was infected with the human opportunistic pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model system. The results show that the survival rates of wild-type flies vary as a function of when during the day they are infected, peaking in the middle of the night. Also the kinetics of bacterial growth and the expression of a limited number of innate immunity genes correlate with time-of-day effects on survival. Our findings suggest that medical intervention strategies incorporating chronobiological considerations could enhance the innate immune response, boosting the efficacy of combating pathogenic infections. This study also led us to a second study where we characterized the innate immune response in the Drosophila head. We showed that the innate immunity pathway in the head is similar to the well described pathway in the body. Furthermore, the pericerebral fat body in the head or neurons are sufficient to combat bacterial infections, independent of the abdominal fat body. Our findings suggest that the pericerebral fat body may provide a fast and local immune response in the head, improving the survival outcome of Drosophila. A minor aspect of my thesis work was unrelated to host defense. In this study, we used Drosophila to investigate the possibility that circadian clocks regulate the expression of miRNAs. From the analysis of microarray data, we found two miRNAs (dme-miR-263a and -263b) that exhibit robust daily changes in abundance in adult heads of wild-type flies that are abolished in the cyc01 mutant. Our results suggest that cycling miRNAs contribute to daily changes in mRNA and/or protein levels in Drosophila.

Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field

Military Strategies for Sustainment of Nutrition and Immune Function in the Field PDF

Author: Institute of Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1999-05-13

Total Pages: 722

ISBN-13: 0309173183

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Every aspect of immune function and host defense is dependent upon a proper supply and balance of nutrients. Severe malnutrition can cause significant alteration in immune response, but even subclinical deficits may be associated with an impaired immune response, and an increased risk of infection. Infectious diseases have accounted for more off-duty days during major wars than combat wounds or nonbattle injuries. Combined stressors may reduce the normal ability of soldiers to resist pathogens, increase their susceptibility to biological warfare agents, and reduce the effectiveness of vaccines intended to protect them. There is also a concern with the inappropriate use of dietary supplements. This book, one of a series, examines the impact of various types of stressors and the role of specific dietary nutrients in maintaining immune function of military personnel in the field. It reviews the impact of compromised nutrition status on immune function; the interaction of health, exercise, and stress (both physical and psychological) in immune function; and the role of nutritional supplements and newer biotechnology methods reported to enhance immune function. The first part of the book contains the committee's workshop summary and evaluation of ongoing research by Army scientists on immune status in special forces troops, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The rest of the book contains papers contributed by workshop speakers, grouped under such broad topics as an introduction to what is known about immune function, the assessment of immune function, the effect of nutrition, and the relation between the many and varied stresses encountered by military personnel and their effect on health.

Chronotherapeutics

Chronotherapeutics PDF

Author: P. H. Redfern

Publisher: Pharmaceutical Press

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 456

ISBN-13: 9780853694885

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In nature, many physical processes are governed by the passage of time. The study of these processes - chronobiology - reveals rhythmic patterns which may be yearly, monthly, daily or more frequent. Novel drug delivery systems are currently being delivered that will release varying quantities of a drug at optimum times to coincide with these rhythmic patterns.Chronotherapeutics considers the pharmaceutical and therapeutic implications associated with biological clocks. The book presents a comprehensive discussion of specific diseases that are time dependent, and the drugs and new drug formulations that can be used as treatments.Written by leading international experts in the field, Chronotherapeutics provides up-to-date information on chronobiology for non-chronobiologists in pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Peter Redfern is Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Bath, UK.

Circadian Medicine

Circadian Medicine PDF

Author: Christopher S. Colwell

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2015-07-07

Total Pages: 405

ISBN-13: 1118467787

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Circadian rhythms, the biological oscillations based around our 24-hour clock, have a profound effect on human physiology and healthy cellular function. Circadian Rhythms: Health and Disease is a wide-ranging foundational text that provides students and researchers with valuable information on the molecular and genetic underpinnings of circadian rhythms and looks at the impacts of disruption in our biological clocks in health and disease. Circadian Rhythms opens with chapters that lay the fundamental groundwork on circadian rhythm biology. Section II looks at the impact of circadian rhythms on major organ systems. Section III then turns its focus to the central nervous system. The book then closes with a look at the role of biological rhythms in aging and neurodegeneration. Written in an accessible and informative style, Circadian Rhythms: Health and Disease,will be an invaluable resource and entry point into this fascinating interdisciplinary field that brings together aspects of neuroscience, cell and molecular biology, and physiology.

THE EFFECTS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM ON INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN HEPATIC MACROPHAGES.

THE EFFECTS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM ON INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND CYTOKINE LEVELS IN HEPATIC MACROPHAGES. PDF

Author: Christina Orcino

Publisher:

Published: 2014

Total Pages: 59

ISBN-13:

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In mammals, many aspects of daily behavior and physiology such as the sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian mechanisms. Despite tissue-specific physiological differences, these circadian rhythms share a highly conserved negative feedback mechanism, consisting of transcriptional activators and repressors. This feedback loop system is critical for normal physiology and behavior, and its disruption can lead to sleep disorders, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and a whole host of other diseases, including immune related dysfunction. In this study, the loss of Bmal, a key transcriptional activator, and its ability to regulate a macrophage response was evaluated. To do this, a loxP-cre system was used to create mice with a macrophage-specific deletion of Bmal (lysZ-Bmal -/-). This was the first look at the role of macrophage-specific circadian gene expression in regulation of hepatic immune response and its influence on macrophage differentiation and inflammatory liver disease in vivo. Cre-negative littermate controls and lysZ-Bmal -/- mice were stimulated with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to provoke a pro-inflammatory response. In lysZ-Bmal -/- mice, cells stimulated with LPS had an exacerbated pro-inflammatory response but a blunted anti-inflammatory response compared to cells from cre-negative littermates. LysZ-Bmal -/- mice also had larger liver to bodyweight ratios as well as increased relative mRNA levels of critical pro-inflammatory cytokines and serum ALT. In summary, this study suggests that circadian regulation in macrophages may be important for lipid control and that Bmal regulates a pro-inflammatory response in hepatic macrophages.

The Circadian Clock

The Circadian Clock PDF

Author: Urs Albrecht

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-01-23

Total Pages: 306

ISBN-13: 1441912622

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With the invitation to edit this volume, I wanted to take the opportunity to assemble reviews on different aspects of circadian clocks and rhythms. Although most c- tributions in this volume focus on mammalian circadian clocks, the historical int- duction and comparative clocks section illustrate the importance of various other organisms in deciphering the mechanisms and principles of circadian biology. Circadian rhythms have been studied for centuries, but only recently, a mole- lar understanding of this process has emerged. This has taken research on circadian clocks from mystic phenomenology to a mechanistic level; chains of molecular events can describe phenomena with remarkable accuracy. Nevertheless, current models of the functioning of circadian clocks are still rudimentary. This is not due to the faultiness of discovered mechanisms, but due to the lack of undiscovered processes involved in contributing to circadian rhythmicity. We know for example, that the general circadian mechanism is not regulated equally in all tissues of m- mals. Hence, a lot still needs to be discovered to get a full understanding of cir- dian rhythms at the systems level. In this respect, technology has advanced at high speed in the last years and provided us with data illustrating the sheer complexity of regulation of physiological processes in organisms. To handle this information, computer aided integration of the results is of utmost importance in order to d- cover novel concepts that ultimately need to be tested experimentally.

Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythms and Behaviour

Biological Timekeeping: Clocks, Rhythms and Behaviour PDF

Author: Vinod Kumar

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2017-02-15

Total Pages: 663

ISBN-13: 8132236882

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This book is a concise, comprehensive and up-to-date account of fundamental concepts and potential applications of biological timekeeping mechanisms in animals and humans. It also discusses significant aspects of the organization and importance of timekeeping mechanisms in both groups. Divided into seven sections, it addresses important aspects including fundamental concepts; animal and human clocks; clock interactions; clocks and metabolism and immune functions; pineal, melatonin and timekeeping; and clocks, photoperiodism and seasonal behaviours. The book also focuses on biological clock applications in a 24x7 human society, particularly in connection with life-style associated disorders like obesity and diabetes. It is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduates, researchers and professionals engaged in the study of the science of biological timekeeping.

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