Chlorinated Solvent Source Zone Remediation

Chlorinated Solvent Source Zone Remediation PDF

Author: Bernard H. Kueper

Publisher: Springer Science & Business

Published: 2014-04-22

Total Pages: 759

ISBN-13: 1461469228

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The purpose of this book is to help engineers and scientists better understand dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) contamination of groundwater and the methods and technology used for characterization and remediation. Remediation of DNAPL source zones is very difficult and controversial and must be based on state-of-the-art knowledge of the behavior (transport and fate) of nonaqueous phase liquids in the subsurface and site specific geology, chemistry and hydrology. This volume is focused on the characterization and remediation of nonaqueous phase chlorinated solvents and it is hoped that mid-level engineers and scientists will find this book helpful in understanding the current state-of-practice of DNAPL source zone management and remediation.

Chlorinated Solvent and DNAPL Remediation

Chlorinated Solvent and DNAPL Remediation PDF

Author: Susan M. Henry

Publisher:

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 354

ISBN-13:

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Chlorinated Solvent and DNAPL Remediation addresses remediation of chlorinated solvents and dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in groundwater and discusses remedial alternatives that are available for subsurface cleanup. Chlorinated Solvent and DNAPL Remediation: Innovative Strategies for Subsurface Cleanup focuses primarily on current technological developments and innovative applications for in situ remediation of chlorinated solvents including DNAPLs in soil and groundwater. However, this book also provides a general overview of all of the physical, chemical, and biological processes available for in situ remediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents and DNAPLs. Chapters discuss surfactant flushing to enhance DNAPL removal; in situ chemical destruction by reduction processes involving zero valent iron or related metals; in situ chemical destruction by advanced oxidation processes; and in situ biological destruction by enhanced anaerobic bioremediation or natural bioattenuation. This book also emphasizes zero valent iron-based strategies, including reaction geochemistry, permeable reactive barrier longevity, rejuvenation of iron walls, and emplacement technique. One chapter summarizes 10 years of permeable reactive barrier development and application. The controversial issues related to DNAPL remediation, including the concept that remediation of sites affected by DNAPL could be technically impractical, are reviewed. Another chapter focuses on the evolution of DNAPL remediation practice.

In Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes

In Situ Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes PDF

Author: Hans F. Stroo

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-09-10

Total Pages: 807

ISBN-13: 1441914013

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In the late 1970s and early 1980s, our nation began to grapple with the legacy of past disposal practices for toxic chemicals. With the passage in 1980 of the Comprehensive Envir- mental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Sup- fund, it became the law of the land to remediate these sites. The U. S. Department of Defense (DoD), the nation’s largest industrial organization, also recognized that it too had a legacy of contaminated sites. Historic operations at Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps facilities, ranges, manufacturing sites, shipyards, and depots had resulted in widespread contamination of soil, groundwater, and sediment. While Superfund began in 1980 to focus on remediation of heavily contaminated sites largely abandoned or neglected by the private sector, the DoD had already initiated its Installation Restoration Program in the mid-1970s. In 1984, the DoD began the Defense Environmental Restoration Program (DERP) for contaminated site assessment and remediation. Two years later, the U. S. Congress codified the DERP and directed the Secretary of Defense to carry out a concurrent program of research, development, and demonstration of innovative remediation technologies. As chronicled in the 1994 National Research Council report, “Ranking Hazardous-Waste Sites for Remedial Action,” our early estimates on the cost and suitability of existing techn- ogies for cleaning up contaminated sites were wildly optimistic. Original estimates, in 1980, projected an average Superfund cleanup cost of a mere $3.

Groundwater and Soil Cleanup

Groundwater and Soil Cleanup PDF

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1999-11-21

Total Pages: 301

ISBN-13: 0309065496

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This book presents a comprehensive, up-to-date review of technologies for cleaning up contaminants in groundwater and soil. It provides a special focus on three classes of contaminants that have proven very difficult to treat once released to the subsurface: metals, radionuclides, and dense nonaqueous-phase liquids such as chlorinated solvents. Groundwater and Soil Cleanup was commissioned by the Department of Energy (DOE) as part of its program to clean up contamination in the nuclear weapons production complex. In addition to a review of remediation technologies, the book describes new trends in regulation of contaminated sites and assesses DOE's program for developing new subsurface cleanup technologies.

Contaminants in the Subsurface

Contaminants in the Subsurface PDF

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2005-04-23

Total Pages: 371

ISBN-13: 030909447X

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At hundreds of thousands of commercial, industrial, and military sites across the country, subsurface materials including groundwater are contaminated with chemical waste. The last decade has seen growing interest in using aggressive source remediation technologies to remove contaminants from the subsurface, but there is limited understanding of (1) the effectiveness of these technologies and (2) the overall effect of mass removal on groundwater quality. This report reviews the suite of technologies available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for groundwater to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at their sites.

Biodegradation of Chlorinated Solvents

Biodegradation of Chlorinated Solvents PDF

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2001

Total Pages: 5

ISBN-13:

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The anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated solvents is of great interest both for natural attenuation and for engineered remediation of these hazardous contaminants in groundwater. Compounds to be studied are carbon tetrachloride (CT) and the chlorinated ethenes, tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE) cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cDCE), and vinyl chloride (VC). The chlorinated solvents often are present as dense non-aqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs), which are difficult to remove. Biodegradation of DNAPLs was previously thought not possible because of toxicity, but recent evidence indicates that under the right conditions, biodegradation is possible. Anaerobic biodegradation of DNAPLs is the major subject of this research. The specific objectives of this multi-investigator effort are: (1) Evaluate the potential for chlorinated solvent biodegradation near DNAPLs, (2) Provide a molecular understanding of the biological mechanisms involved, (3) Determine cellular components involved in carbon tetrachloride transformation by Pseudomonas stutzeri strain KC without chloroform formation.

Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup

Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup PDF

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1994-02-01

Total Pages: 334

ISBN-13: 0309049946

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There may be nearly 300,000 waste sites in the United States where ground water and soil are contaminated. Yet recent studies question whether existing technologies can restore contaminated ground water to drinking water standards, which is the goal for most sites and the result expected by the public. How can the nation balance public health, technological realities, and cost when addressing ground water cleanup? This new volume offers specific conclusions, outlines research needs, and recommends policies that are technologically sound while still protecting health and the environment. Authored by the top experts from industry and academia, this volume: Examines how the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the subsurface environment, as well as the properties of contaminants, complicate the cleanup task. Reviews the limitations of widely used conventional pump-and-treat cleanup systems, including detailed case studies. Evaluates a range of innovative cleanup technologies and the barriers to their full implementation. Presents specific recommendations for policies and practices in evaluating contamination sites, in choosing remediation technologies, and in setting appropriate cleanup goals.

Demonstration of Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent DNAPL at Operable Unit 2, Hill AFB, Utah, Draft Final

Demonstration of Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent DNAPL at Operable Unit 2, Hill AFB, Utah, Draft Final PDF

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1997

Total Pages: 152

ISBN-13:

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During 1996 and 1997, five separate partitioning interwell tracer tests (PITTs) were conducted as part of two separate surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) demonstrations targeting DNAPL (primarily TCE) at Operable Unit 2 (OU2), Hill Air Force Base, Utah. These PITTs were used as a DNAPL characterization tool to accurately determine: 1.) the total aquifer volume swept; 2.) the total amount of DNAPL present in the swept aquifer volume; and, 3.) the average residual saturation present. PITTs were conducted before and after each SEAR demonstration to provide remediation performance assessments and were hydraulically controlled without using sheetpile walls. The successful implementation of field-scale PITTs required an engineering design strategy using conventional characterization activities, laboratory studies, and UTCHEM modeling. The volume sampled by each PITT was on the order of an average of 6500 cu ft (14,000 gallon pore volume). Tracer recoveries ranged from 79% to 92%, indicating that, within experimental error, all of the injected tracers were recovered. The method of temporal moments was used to analyze each PITT, and the resulting DNAPL volume estimates were in close agreement with other measurements (e.g. SEAR DNAPL recoveries and core data estimates). Thus, in sandy alluvium, PITTs are very accurate estimators of DNAPL volumes, and provide an excellent characterization and performance assessment tool for DNAPL remediation efforts. Based on the success of these PITTs, the USAF is currently conducting large-scale PITTs to characterize the entire DNAPL source zone at OU2.

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