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British Humanitarianism and the Congo Reform Movement, 1896-1913

Author: Dean Pavlakis

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2016-03-09

Total Pages: 321

ISBN-13: 1317171942

The Congo Free State was under the personal rule of King Leopold II of the Belgians from 1885 to 1908. The accolades that attended its founding were soon contested by accusations of brutality, oppression, and murderous misrule, but the controversy, by itself, proved insufficient to prompt changes. Starting in 1896, concerned men and women used public opinion to influence government policy in Britain and the United States to create space for reforming forces in Belgium itself to pry the Congo from Leopold’s grasp and implement reforms. Examining key factors in the successes and failures of a pivotal movement that aided the colonized people of the Congo and broadened the idea of human rights, British Humanitarianism and the Congo Reform Movement provides a valuable update to scholarship on the history of humanitarianism in Africa. The Congo Reform movement built on the institutional experience of overseas humanitarianism, the energy of evangelical political involvement, and innovations in racial, imperial, and nationalist discourse to create political energy. Often portrayed as the efforts of a few key people, especially E.D. Morel, this book demonstrates that the movement increasingly manifested itself as an institutionalized and transnational campaign with support from key government officials that ultimately made a material difference to the lives of the people of the Congo.

The Congo Reform Association and the Beginning of Transnational Humanitarianism, 1904-1913

Author: D. Clay

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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African Testimony in the Movement for Congo Reform

Author: Robert Burroughs

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2018-06-27

Total Pages: 186

ISBN-13: 1351804324

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The humanitarian movement against Leopold’s violent colonisation of the Congo emerged out of Europe, but it depended at every turn on African input. Individuals and groups from throughout the upper Congo River basin undertook journeys of daring and self-sacrifice to provide evidence of atrocities for the colonial authorities, missionaries, and international investigators. Combining archive research with attention to recent debates on the relation between imperialism and humanitarianism, on trauma, witnessing and postcolonial studies, and on the recovery of colonial archives, this book examines the conditions in which colonised peoples were able to speak about their subjection, and those in which attempts at testimony were thwarted. Robert Burroughs makes a major intervention by identifying African agency and input as a key factor in the Congo atrocities debate. This is an important and unique book in African history, imperial and colonial history, and humanitarian history.

Reading Congo Reform Literature: Humanitarianism and Form in the Edwardian Era

Author: Mary Kathryn Galli

Publisher:

Published: 2019

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13:

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However, these authors separate Belgian imperialism in the Congo from British benevolent paternalism, and the forms of their texts ultimately fail to conclude a larger meaning about the systemic issues of imperialism. When they do attempt to conclude, they perpetuate a humanitarian discourse that problematically assumes superiority. While the Congo reform movement might be considered a success, the problematic failures of humanitarianism continue to this day in human rights discourse, as evidenced by the contemporary successor of the Congo Reform Association, which aims to "serve the heroic legacy" of E.D. Morel and the other Congo reformers. I assert that it is a failure to pursue reform if it's purpose is to achieve a sense of heroism for oneself. Failure defines the Edwardian transitional moment, exemplified through the works of Conrad, Twain, and Doyle that span the era. Through an assessment of these authors' formal structures, I conclude that their texts raise more questions than they solve, forcing readers to slow down, think, and determine an answer themselves.

International Law's Objects

Author: Jessie Hohmann

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2019-01-20

Total Pages: 593

ISBN-13: 0198798202

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International law's rich existence in the world can be illuminated by its objects. International law is often developed, conveyed, and authorized through its objects and/or their representation. From the symbolic (the regalia of the head of state and the symbols of sovereignty), to the mundane (a can of dolphin-safe tuna certified as complying with international trade standards), international legal authority can be found in the objects around us. Similarly, the practice of international law often relies on material objects or their image, both as evidence (satellite images, bones of the victims of mass atrocities) and to found authority (for instance, maps and charts). This volume considers these questions: firstly what might the study of international law through objects reveal? What might objects, rather than texts, tell us about sources, recognition of states, construction of territory, law of the sea, or international human rights law? Secondly, what might this scholarly undertaking reveal about the objects-as aims or projects-of international law? How do objects reveal, or perhaps mask, these aims, and what does this tell us about the reasons some (physical or material) objects are foregrounded, and others hidden or ignored. Thirdly what objects, icons, and symbols preoccupy the profession and academy? The personal selection of these objects by leading and emerging scholars worldwide will illuminate the contemporary and historical fascinations of international lawyers. By considering international law in the context of its material culture the authors offer a new and exciting theoretical perspective on the subject. With an image of each object reproduced in full colour, the book will make an engaging and interesting read for scholars, practitioners, and students alike.

Humanitarian Photography

Author: Heide Fehrenbach

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2015-02-23

Total Pages: 367

ISBN-13: 1107064708

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This book investigates the historical evolution of 'humanitarian photography' - the mobilization of photography in the service of humanitarian initiatives across state boundaries.

Britain, Germany and Colonial Violence in South-West Africa, 1884-1919

Author: Mads Bomholt Nielsen

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-02-28

Total Pages: 238

ISBN-13: 3030945618

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Reflecting emerging scholarship on the entanglement of colonial histories, this book examines British and South African perspectives on, and involvement in, the genocide of the Herero and Nama in German South West Africa from 1904 to 1908. Seeking to present a transnational and trans-colonial perspective on the war imposed by Germany, the book sheds light on Anglo-German relations during ‘native' rebellions and exposes shared experiences of colonial violence. This approach aligns with a new surge of historiography which emphasises the co-operation between colonial powers to maintain order in Africa. The author focuses on British involvement in counter-insurgency efforts, its awareness of the extent of the genocide, and how the Herero-Nama War impacted colonial rule in British territory. The book sheds light on how the British government intentionally managed sensitive information on German colonialism according to the geopolitical needs: While reports were ignored and censored prior to 1914, these became instrumental to Britain’s foreign policy in confiscating Germany’s colonies in 1919. Not only exploring the war years, the book covers the entire period of German colonial rule in Africa (1884-1919), and highlights British and South African perspectives throughout this period. Offering fresh insights on the first genocide of the century, this book builds on a growing body of research into trans-colonialism and contributes to modern German history.

Activism across Borders since 1870

Author: Daniel Laqua

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing

Published: 2023-08-10

Total Pages: 385

ISBN-13: 1350262811

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From the Occupy protests to the Black Lives Matter movement and school strikes for climate action, the twenty-first century has been rife with activism. Although very different from one another, each of these movements has created alliances across borders, with activists stressing that their concerns are not confined to individual nation states. In this book, Daniel Laqua shows that global efforts of this kind are not a recent phenomenon, and that as long as there have been borders, activists have sought to cross them. Activism Across Borders since 1870 explores how individuals, groups and organisations have fostered bonds in their quest for political and social change, and considers the impact of national and ideological boundaries on their efforts. Focusing on Europe but with a global outlook, the book acknowledges the importance of imperial and postcolonial settings for groups and individuals that expressed far-reaching ambitions. From feminism and socialism to anti-war campaigns and green politics, this book approaches transnational activism with an emphasis on four features: connectedness, ambivalence, transience and marginality. In doing so, it demonstrates the intertwined nature of different movements, problematizes transnational action, discusses the temporary nature of some alliances, and shows how transnationalism has been used by those marginalized at the national level. With a broad chronological perspective and thematic chapters, it provides historical context, clarifies terms and concepts, and offers an alternative history of modern Europe through the lens of activists, movements and campaigns.

Colonial Impotence

Author: Benoît Henriet

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2021-06-21

Total Pages: 206

ISBN-13: 3110652730

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In Colonial Impotence, Benoît Henriet studies the violent contradictions of colonial rule from the standpoint of the Leverville concession, Belgian Congo’s largest palm oil exploitation. Leverville was imagined as a benevolent tropical utopia, whose Congolese workers would be "civilized" through a paternalist machinery. However, the concession was marred by inefficiency, endemic corruption and intrinsic brutality. Colonial agents in the field could be seen as impotent, for they were both unable and unwilling to perform as expected. This book offers a new take on the joint experience of colonialism and capitalism in Southwest Congo, and sheds light on their impact on local environments, bodies, societies and cosmogonies.