Basic Principles of Topography

Basic Principles of Topography PDF

Author: Blagoja Markoski

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2018-01-18

Total Pages: 219

ISBN-13: 331972147X

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This book gives a comprehensive overview of all relevant elements in topography and their practical application. It elaborates on the classical representation of terrain on maps such as cartographic projections, together with their classification, scale, and geographical elements. It is richly illustrated with photographs, maps and figures, in which the theoretical explanations are clarified. Readers will become acquainted with the physical characteristics of the ground, i.e. tectonic and erosive shapes, the importance and classification of terrain, genetic (fluvial, abrasive, glacial, karst) and topographic types such as higher (mountains, hills, peaks) and lower terrain (valleys, fields). In addition, the book discusses cartometry and coordinate systems, orientation in space (geographic, topographic, tactical) including by means of maps, instruments and the night sky and elaborates new techniques and technologies such as aerial photogrammetric imagery, global navigation satellite systems and LiDAR. The book also includes methods for the practical execution of concrete measurement operations, such as determining position and movement on land with maps, compass and azimuth which makes it especially useful for practitioners and professionals, e.g., for landscape planning, military exercises, mountaineering, nature walks etc. As such it offers a valuable guide not only for undergraduate students but also for researchers in the fields of geography, geosciences, geodesy, ecology, forestry and related areas looking for an overview on topography. Uniquely, the book also features an extensive glossary of topographical terms.

Corneal Topography

Corneal Topography PDF

Author: Melanie Corbett

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2019-06-11

Total Pages: 287

ISBN-13: 3030106969

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The new edition of this leading text atlas on corneal topography has been updated to include the latest advances in technology, such as Pentacam and Orbscan. The principles and theory underlying each technology are first clearly explained, and clinical applications are then examined. The authors describe how to use the different technologies and devices, explain the clinical readout with illustrations of normal corneal topography, discuss applications and findings in common disease states, and present the appearances after various corneal surgical procedures. The pros and cons of each system are highlighted. This up-to-date, superbly illustrated book is the most comprehensive guide to corneal topography currently available. It is anticipated that this second edition will become the seminal corneal topography textbook for all with an interest in corneal disease and its management, and refractive surgery.

Terrain Analysis

Terrain Analysis PDF

Author: John P. Wilson

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2000-08-03

Total Pages: 522

ISBN-13: 9780471321880

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Dieses Buch untersucht, welchen Einfluß Landschaftsformen, insbesondere Höhenunterschiede, auf die an der Erdoberfläche ablaufenden Prozesse haben. Wasserbewegungen, die Sonneneinstrahlung sowie die Bodenentwicklung und -erosion werden alle mehr oder minder durch die Form der Landschaftsoberfläche gesteuert. Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Landschaftsanalyse sind vielfältig: Sie reichen von Studien über Wasserscheiden und Feuchtgebiete über Bodenkunde und Erosionsstudien, Landschafts- und Landnutzungsstudien bis zu geomorphologischer Forschung und regionalen und globalen Ökologiestudien. Darüber hinaus kann die Landschaftsanalyse auch zu meteorologischen Vorhersagen sowie bei Problemen mit TV- oder Radiosignalempfang eingesetzt werden. Dieses Forschungsgebiet hat in Verbindung mit den jüngsten Fortschritten auf dem Gebiet der GIS und GPS eine rasante Entwicklung durchlaufen. In diesem Band werden alle diese neuen Ansätze und Anwendungsbereiche umfassend erläutert. (y05/00)

Digital Terrain Modeling

Digital Terrain Modeling PDF

Author: Zhilin Li

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2004-11-29

Total Pages: 337

ISBN-13: 0203486749

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Written by experts, Digital Terrain Modeling: Principles and Methodology provides comprehensive coverage of recent developments in the field. The topics include terrain analysis, sampling strategy, acquisition methodology, surface modeling principles, triangulation algorithms, interpolation techniques, on-line and off-line quality control in data a

Principles of Topography

Principles of Topography PDF

Author: Anna Nelson

Publisher:

Published: 2021-12-07

Total Pages: 214

ISBN-13: 9781647401139

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Topography is an interdisciplinary field which focuses on the surface shape, features and description of land surfaces. It includes the records of the relief or terrain, identification of specific landforms, and three-dimensional quality of the surface. A topographic study is done for geological exploration and military planning. The objective is to determine the position of any feature and point in a horizontal coordinate system. There are numerous forms of topographic data which involves raw survey data, remote sensing data, etc. A topographic map is a type of map in modern mapping which is characterized by large scale detail. It is a quantitative representation of relief using contour lines. Various techniques used in topography include surveying, aerial photography and satellite imagery, photogrammetry, remote sensing, etc. This book aims to shed light on some of the unexplored aspects of topography. Different approaches, evaluations and methodologies on topography have been included in it. The topics covered in this book offer the readers new insights into this field.

Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning

Topographic Laser Ranging and Scanning PDF

Author: Jie Shan

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-12-19

Total Pages: 590

ISBN-13: 1420051431

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A systematic, in-depth introduction to theories and principles of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology is long overdue, as it is the most important geospatial data acquisition technology to be introduced in recent years. An advanced discussion, this text fills the void. Professionals in fields ranging from geology, geography and geoinformatics to physics, transportation, and law enforcement will benefit from this comprehensive discussion of topographic LiDAR principles, systems, data acquisition, and data processing techniques. The book covers ranging and scanning fundamentals, and broad, contemporary analysis of airborne LiDAR systems, as well as those situated on land and in space. The authors present data collection at the signal level in terms of waveforms and their properties; at the system level with regard to calibration and georeferencing; and at the data level to discuss error budget, quality control, and data organization. They devote the bulk of the book to LiDAR data processing and information extraction and elaborate on recent developments in building extraction and reconstruction, highlighting quality and performance evaluations. There is also extensive discussion of the state-of-the-art technological developments used in: filtering algorithms for digital terrain model generation; strip adjustment of data for registration; co-registration of LiDAR data with imagery; forestry inventory; and surveying. Readers get insight into why LiDAR is the effective tool of choice to collect massive volumes of explicit 3-D data with unprecedented accuracy and simplicity. Compiled by leading experts talking about much of their own pioneering work, this book will give researchers, professionals, and senior students novel ideas to supplement their own experience and practices.

Principles of Cartography

Principles of Cartography PDF

Author: Erwin Raisz

Publisher: McGraw-Hill Companies

Published: 1962

Total Pages: 336

ISBN-13:

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Judy Smith, Jamestown, USA: Book aimed to guide the student to understand the language of maps, to enable him to illustrate his own papers, and to give him a foundation if he chooses to become a cartographer. This book is written for high school students but easy enough to read for high school students or the general public. Contents: Tools and Equipment Air-Photo Reading The Principles of map making Field Methods The Principles of Lettering Relief Methods Land Forms and Land Slopes Government Maps Private Maps Map Collections and Compilation Map Design and Layout Lines, Shades, and Colors Map Reproduction The Earth Surveying Map Projections Azimuthal Projections, Grid Systems Thematic (Statistical) Maps Diagrams Cartograms Science Maps Land-use and Economic Maps Globes Models Photography for Cartographers Modern Techniques (remember up to year 1962) Tables, glossary, bibliography, sample examination questions, laboratory syllabus, index.

Optical Measurement of Surface Topography

Optical Measurement of Surface Topography PDF

Author: Richard Leach

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-03-31

Total Pages: 333

ISBN-13: 3642120121

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The measurement and characterisation of surface topography is crucial to modern manufacturing industry. The control of areal surface structure allows a manufacturer to radically alter the functionality of a part. Examples include structuring to effect fluidics, optics, tribology, aerodynamics and biology. To control such manufacturing methods requires measurement strategies. There is now a large range of new optical techniques on the market, or being developed in academia, that can measure areal surface topography. Each method has its strong points and limitations. The book starts with introductory chapters on optical instruments, their common language, generic features and limitations, and their calibration. Each type of modern optical instrument is described (in a common format) by an expert in the field. The book is intended for both industrial and academic scientists and engineers, and will be useful for undergraduate and postgraduate studies.

Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology

Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology PDF

Author: Igor Florinsky

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2016-07-11

Total Pages: 506

ISBN-13: 0128046333

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Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology, Second Edition, synthesizes the knowledge on methods and applications of digital terrain analysis and geomorphometry in the context of multi-scale problems in soil science and geology. Divided into three parts, the book first examines main concepts, principles, and methods of digital terrain modeling. It then looks at methods for analysis, modeling, and mapping of spatial distribution of soil properties using digital terrain analysis, before finally considering techniques for recognition, analysis, and interpretation of topographically manifested geological features. Digital Terrain Analysis in Soil Science and Geology, Second Edition, is an updated and revised edition, providing both a theoretical and methodological basis for understanding and applying geographical modeling techniques. Presents an integrated and unified view of digital terrain analysis in both soil science and geology Features research on new advances in the field, including DEM analytical approximation, analytical calculation of local morphometric variables, morphometric globes, and two-dimensional generalized spectral analytical methods Includes a rigorous description of the mathematical principles of digital terrain analysis Provides both a theoretical and methodological basis for understanding and applying geographical modeling