Author: Vincent Ilardi
Publisher: American Philosophical Society
Published: 2007
Total Pages: 408
ISBN-13: 9780871692597
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Deals with the history of eyeglasses from their invention in Italy ca. 1286 to the appearance of the telescope three cent. later. "By the end of the 16th cent. eyeglasses were as common in western and central Europe as desktop computers are in western developed countries today." Eyeglasses served an important technological function at both the intellectual and practical level, not only easing the textual studies of scholars but also easing the work of craftsmen/small bus. During the 15th cent. two crucial developments occurred: the ability to grind convex lenses for various levels of presbyopia and the ability to grind concave lenses for the correction of myopia. As a result, eyeglasses could be made almost to prescription by the early 17th cent. Illus.
Author: Hans Biedermann
Publisher: Penguin
Published: 1994-01-01
Total Pages: 481
ISBN-13: 0452011183
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →This encyclopedic guide explores the rich and varied meanings of more than 2,000 symbols—from amethyst to Zodiac.
Author: Erich Christian WERLAUFF
Publisher:
Published: 1821
Total Pages: 70
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: Omeljan Pritsak
Publisher: Ukrainian Research Institute of Harvard University
Published: 1981
Total Pages: 976
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: Jessica L. Harland-Jacobs
Publisher: UNC Press Books
Published: 2012-09-01
Total Pages: 401
ISBN-13: 1469606658
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →They built some of the first communal structures on the empire's frontiers. The empire's most powerful proconsuls sought entrance into their lodges. Their public rituals drew dense crowds from Montreal to Madras. The Ancient Free and Accepted Masons were quintessential builders of empire, argues Jessica Harland-Jacobs. In this first study of the relationship between Freemasonry and British imperialism, Harland-Jacobs takes readers on a journey across two centuries and five continents, demonstrating that from the moment it left Britain's shores, Freemasonry proved central to the building and cohesion of the British Empire. The organization formally emerged in 1717 as a fraternity identified with the ideals of Enlightenment cosmopolitanism, such as universal brotherhood, sociability, tolerance, and benevolence. As Freemasonry spread to Europe, the Americas, Asia, Australasia, and Africa, the group's claims of cosmopolitan brotherhood were put to the test. Harland-Jacobs examines the brotherhood's role in diverse colonial settings and the impact of the empire on the brotherhood; in the process, she addresses issues of globalization, supranational identities, imperial power, fraternalism, and masculinity. By tracking an important, identifiable institution across the wide chronological and geographical expanse of the British Empire, Builders of Empire makes a significant contribution to transnational history as well as the history of the Freemasons and imperial Britain.
Author: Neil Fraser
Publisher: Concept Publishing Company
Published: 2001
Total Pages: 238
ISBN-13: 9788170228875
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Author: Zheng Mianping
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2012-12-06
Total Pages: 325
ISBN-13: 9401154589
DOWNLOAD EBOOK →Since 1956 the author has been making extensive and detailed investigations of saline lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. On the basis of large amounts of reliable first-hand data and multidisciplinary analysis, the book deals with the temporal-spatial evolution of the plateau saline lakes and the prospects for inorganic salts and organic resources and their exploitation and protection, as well as the relationships between saline lakes and global changes. This book is the first English monograph on saline lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau - the `Roof of the World'. Compared with books about saline lakes in other areas of the world, this monograph is written in a multidisciplinary, comprehensive and systematic way. It may be used by graduate students, teachers, researchers, field geologists and engineers as a reference book in research, teaching, etc.