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Published: 1998
Total Pages: 173
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Researchers are only beginning to realize the pervasiveness of substance abuse among people age 60 and older. Until relatively recently, alcohol and perscription drug misuse, which affects as many as 17 percent of older adults, was not discussed in either the substance abuse or the gerontological literature. The reasons for this silence are varied: Health care providers tend to overlook substance abuse and misuse among older people, mistaking the symptoms for those of dementia, depression, or other problems common to older adults. In addition, older adults are more likely to hide their substance abuse and less likely to seek professional help. Many relatives of older individuals with substance use disorders, particularly their adult children, are ashamed of the problem and choose not to address it. The result is thousands of older adults who need treatment and do not receive it. This TIP brings together the literature on substance abuse and gerontology to recommend best practices for identifying, screening, assessing, and treating alcohol and prescription drug abuse among people age 60 or older. The Consensus Panel, whose members include researchers, clinicians, treatment providers, and program directors, supplements this research base with its considerable experience treating and studying substance abuse among older adults. Because so much of older people's substance abuse is never identified, this TIP is aimed not only at substance abuse treatment providers but also at primary care clinicians, social workers, senior center staff, and anyone else who has regular contact with older adults. The TIP aims to advance the understanding of the relationships between aging and substance abuse and to provide practical recommendations for incorporating that understanding into practice. Those based on research evidence are marked (1), whereas those based on Panel members' clinical experience are marked (2). Citations for the former can be found in the body of the text. ALCOHOL ABUSE: Physiological changes, as well as changes in the kinds of responsibilities and activities pursued by older adults, make established criteria for classifying alcohol problems often inadequate for this population. One widely used model for understanding alcohol problems is the medical diagnostic model as defined in the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The DSM-IV criteria for substance dependence (see Figure 2-2, p. 17) include some that do not apply to many older adults and may lead to underidentification of drinking problems. Diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence are subsumed within the DSM-IV's general criteria for substance dependence. Dependence is defined as a "maladaptive pattern of substance use, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three (or more) of the following, occurring at any time in the same 12-month period" (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, p. 181). THE PANEL RECOMMENDS THAT CLINICIANS CONSIDER THAT THE DSM-IV CRITERIA FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE MAY NOT BE ADEQUATE TO DIAGNOSE OLDER ADULTS WITH ALCOHOL PROBLEMS. (2) See Figure 2-3 (p. 18) for an outline of special considerations. Some experts use the model of at-risk, heavy, and problem drinking in place of the DSM-IV model of alcohol abuse and dependence because it allows for more flexibility in characterizing drinking patterns. In this classification scheme, an at-risk drinker is one whose patterns of alcohol use, although not yet causing problems, may bring about adverse consequences, either to the drinker or to others. As their names imply, the terms "heavy" and "problem" drinking signify more hazardous levels of consumption. Although the distinction between the terms "heavy" and "problem" is meaningful to alcohol treatment specialists interested in differentiating severity of problems among younger alcohol abusers, it is less relevant to older adults. TO DIFFERENTIATE OLDER DRINKERS, THE PANEL RECOMMENDS USING THE TERMS "at-risk" AND "problem" DRINKERS ONLY. (2) In the two-stage conceptualization recommended by the Panel, the "problem drinker" category includes those who would otherwise fall into the "heavy" and "problem" classifications in the more traditional model as well as those who meet the DSM-IV criteria for abuse and dependence. THE CONSENSUS PANEL RECOMMENDS THAT OLDER MEN CONSUME NO MORE THAN ONE DRINK PER DAY (1), A MAXIMUM OF TWO DRINKS ON ANY DRINKING OCCASION (E.G., NEW YEAR'S EVE, WEDDINGS). (1) THE PANEL RECOMMENDS SOMEWHAT LOWER LIMITS FOR WOMEN. (1) ABUSE OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS: People 65 and older consume more prescribed and over-the-counter medications than any other age group in the United States. Prescription drug misuse and abuse is prevalent among older adults not only because more drugs are prescribed to them but also because, as with alcohol, aging makes the ...
