11B4C containing Ni/Ti neutron multilayer mirrors

11B4C containing Ni/Ti neutron multilayer mirrors PDF

Author: Sjoerd Broekhuijsen

Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press

Published: 2021-03-29

Total Pages: 67

ISBN-13: 9179296645

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The work in this thesis covers the design, growth and characterisation of neutron multilayers. The performance of these multilayers is highly dependent on the obtained interface width between the layers, even a modest improvement can offer a substantial increase in reflectivity performance. As multilayers are such an integral component of many neutron optical instruments, any improvement in terms of reflectivity performance has broad implications for all neutron scattering experiments. This project has been carried out with the construction of the European Spallation Source (ESS) in mind, but the principles extend to all neutron scattering sources. Ni/Ti is the conventional material system of choice for neutron optical components due to the high contrast in scattering length density (SLD). The reflected intensity of such components is largely dependent on the interface width, caused by the formation of nanocrystallites, interdiffusion, and/or intermixing. Apart from hampering the reflectivity performance, the finite interface width between the layers also limits the minimum usable layer thickness in the mirror stack. The formation of nanocrystallites has been eliminated by co-depositing of B4C . This has been combined with a modulated ion assistance scheme to smoothen the interfaces. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements show significantly improvements compared to pure Ni/Ti multilayers. This has further been investigated using low neutron-absorbing 11B4C instead. After deposition, the 11B4C containing films have been characterized using neutron reflectometry, X-ray reflectivity, transmission electron microscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A large part of his work has focused on fitting X-ray and neutron reflectivity measurements in order to obtain structural parameters. The fits to the experimental data suggest a significant improvement in interface width for the samples that have been co-deposited with 11B4C using a modulated ion assistance scheme during deposition. Any accumulation of roughness has been eliminated, and the average initial interface width at the first bilayer has been reduced from 6.3 Å to 4.5 Å per bilayer. The respective reflectivity performance for these structural parameters have been simulated for a neutron supermirror (N = 5000) for both materials at a neutron wavelength at λ = 3 Å using the IMD software. The predicted reflectivity performance for the 11B4C containing samples amounts to about 71%, which is a significant increase compared to the pure Ni/Ti samples which have a predicted reflectivity of 62%. This results in a reflectivity increase from 0.84% to 3.3% after a total of 10 reflections, resulting in more than 400% higher neutron flux at experiment.

Evolution of Thin Film Morphology

Evolution of Thin Film Morphology PDF

Author: Matthew Pelliccione

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2008-01-29

Total Pages: 206

ISBN-13: 0387751092

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The focus of this book is on modeling and simulations used in research on the morphological evolution during film growth. The authors emphasize the detailed mathematical formulation of the problem. The book will enable readers themselves to set up a computational program to investigate specific topics of interest in thin film deposition. It will benefit those working in any discipline that requires an understanding of thin film growth processes.

Aperiodic Order: Volume 2, Crystallography and Almost Periodicity

Aperiodic Order: Volume 2, Crystallography and Almost Periodicity PDF

Author: Michael Baake

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2017-11-02

Total Pages: 408

ISBN-13: 1108514499

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Quasicrystals are non-periodic solids that were discovered in 1982 by Dan Shechtman, Nobel Prize Laureate in Chemistry 2011. The mathematics that underlies this discovery or that proceeded from it, known as the theory of Aperiodic Order, is the subject of this comprehensive multi-volume series. This second volume begins to develop the theory in more depth. A collection of leading experts, among them Robert V. Moody, cover various aspects of crystallography, generalising appropriately from the classical case to the setting of aperiodically ordered structures. A strong focus is placed upon almost periodicity, a central concept of crystallography that captures the coherent repetition of local motifs or patterns, and its close links to Fourier analysis. The book opens with a foreword by Jeffrey C. Lagarias on the wider mathematical perspective and closes with an epilogue on the emergence of quasicrystals, written by Peter Kramer, one of the founders of the field.

Functionalized epitaxial graphene as versatile platform for air quality sensors

Functionalized epitaxial graphene as versatile platform for air quality sensors PDF

Author: Marius Rodner

Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press

Published: 2021-04-12

Total Pages: 104

ISBN-13: 9179296750

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The work presented in this thesis focuses on epitaxial graphene on SiC as a platform for air quality sensors. Several approaches have been tested and evaluated to increase the sensitivity, selectivity, speed of response and stability of the sensors. The graphene surfaces have been functionalized, for example, with different metal oxide nanoparticles and nanolayers using hollow-cathode sputtering and pulsed laser deposition. The modified surfaces were investigated towards topography, integrity and chemical composition with characterization methods such as atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Interaction energies between several analytes and nanoparticle-graphene-combinations were calculated by density functional theory to find the optimal material for specific target gases, and to verify the usefulness of this approach. The impact of environmental influences such as operating temperature, relative humidity and UV irradiation on sensing properties was investigated as well. To further enhance sensor performances, the first-order time-derivative of the sensor’s resistance was introduced to speed up sensor response and a temperature cycled operation mode was investigated towards selectivity. Applying these methods in laboratory conditions, sensors with a quantitative readout of single ppb benzene and formaldehyde were developed. These results show promise to fill the existing gap of low-cost but highly sensitive and fast gas sensors for air quality monitoring. Der Fokus dieser Thesis liegt auf der Erforschung von epitaxialem Graphen auf SiC als Plattform für Luftgütesensoren. Diverse Ansätze wurden untersucht, um die Sensitivität, Selektivität, Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und Stabilität der Sensoren zu verbessern. Die Graphenoberfläche wurde unter anderem mit Metalloxid-Nanopartikeln oder nanometerdünnen Schichten funktionalisiert. Die funktionalisierten Sensorschichten wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Oberflächenbeschaffenheit, Unversehrtheit und chemischen Zusammensetzung mittels Rasterkraftmikroskopie und Raman Spektroskopie untersucht. Die Reaktionsenergien zwischen verschiedenen Analyten und Nanopartikel-Graphen-Kombinationen wurden mit Dichtefunktionaltheorie berechnet, um das optimale Material für spezifische Gase zu finden und um die Brauchbarkeit dieser Funktionalisierungsmethode zu verifizieren. Der Einfluss von äußeren Parametern wie Sensortemperatur, Luftfeuchte und UV-Einstrahlung auf die Sensoreigenschaften wurde ebenfalls untersucht. Um die Sensorleistung zu verbessern, wurde die erste zeitliche Ableitung des Sensorwiderstands als zusätzliches Signal eingeführt und ein temperaturzyklischer Betriebsmodus hinsichtlich seiner Eignung erforscht. Durch die Anwendung dieser Methoden ist es möglich, einzelne ppbs Benzol und Formaldehyd unter Laborbedingungen zu detektieren. Diese Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend, um die bestehende Lücke der günstigen, aber sehr sensitiven Sensoren für Luftqualitätsüberwachung zu schließen. Arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling fokuserar på epitaxiell grafen på SiC som en plattform för luftkvalitetssensorer. Flera tillvägagångssätt har testats och utvärderats för att öka känsligheten, selektiviteten, responstiden, och stabiliteten hos sensorerna. Grafenytorna har modifierats till exempel med olika metalloxid-nanopartiklar och nanolager med användning av hålkatodsputtring och PLD. De modifierade ytorna undersöktes mot topografi, strukturell integritet och kemisk sammansättning med karakteriseringsmetoder som atomkraftsmikroskopi och Ramanspektroskopi. Interaktionsenergier mellan flera analyter och nanopartiklar-grafen- materialkombinationer beräknades med täthetsfunktionalteori för att hitta de optimala materialkombinationerna för specifika målgaser och för att verifiera användbarheten av ytmodifieringarna. Effekten av externa faktorer som arbetstemperatur, relativ fuktighet och UV-bestrålning på avkänningsegenskaper undersöktes också. För att ytterligare förbättra sensorprestanda introducerades första ordningens tidsderivat av sensorns resistans för att snabbare utvärdera sensorns respons, och ett temperaturcyklat driftläge i kombination med multivariat dataanalys undersöktes mot selektivitet. Genom att använda dessa metoder under laboratorieförhållanden utvecklades sensorer med en kvantitativ avläsning av enstaka ppb bensen och formaldehyd. Dessa resultat visar på en möjlig lösning för att fylla det hålrum som finns i dagens sensorteknologier för luftkvalitetsövervakning, där flera relevanta gaser i dagsläget inte kan mätas med kostnadseffektiva men mycket känsliga och snabba gassensorer.

Sputtered Thin Films

Sputtered Thin Films PDF

Author: Frederick Madaraka Mwema

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2021-04-12

Total Pages: 213

ISBN-13: 1000371484

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Sputtered Thin Films: Theory and Fractal Descriptions provides an overview of sputtered thin films and demystifies the concept of fractal theory in analysis of sputtered thin films. It simplifies the use of fractal tools in studying the growth and properties of thin films during sputtering processes. Part 1 of the book describes the basics and theory of thin film sputtering and fractals. Part 2 consists of examples illustrating specific descriptions of thin films using fractal methods. Discusses thin film growth, structure, and properties Covers fractal theory Presents methods of fractal measurements Offers typical examples of fractal descriptions of thin films grown via magnetron sputtering processes Describes application of fractal theory in prediction of thin film growth and properties This reference book is aimed at engineers and scientists working across a variety of disciplines including materials science and metallurgy as well as mechanical, manufacturing, electrical, and biomedical engineering.

Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition

Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition PDF

Author:

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 1999-10-14

Total Pages: 268

ISBN-13: 008054293X

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This volume provides the first comprehensive look at a pivotal new technology in integrated circuit fabrication. For some time researchers have sought alternate processes for interconnecting the millions of transistors on each chip because conventional physical vapor deposition can no longer meet the specifications of today's complex integrated circuits. Out of this research, ionized physical vapor deposition has emerged as a premier technology for the deposition of thin metal films that form the dense interconnect wiring on state-of-the-art microprocessors and memory chips. For the first time, the most recent developments in thin film deposition using ionized physical vapor deposition (I-PVD) are presented in a single coherent source. Readers will find detailed descriptions of relevant plasma source technology, specific deposition systems, and process recipes. The tools and processes covered include DC hollow cathode magnetrons, RF inductively coupled plasmas, and microwave plasmas that are used for depositing technologically important materials such as copper, tantalum, titanium, TiN, and aluminum. In addition, this volume describes the important physical processes that occur in I-PVD in a simple and concise way. The physical descriptions are followed by experimentally-verified numerical models that provide in-depth insight into the design and operation I-PVD tools. Practicing process engineers, research and development scientists, and students will find that this book's integration of tool design, process development, and fundamental physical models make it an indispensable reference. Key Features: The first comprehensive volume on ionized physical vapor deposition Combines tool design, process development, and fundamental physical understanding to form a complete picture of I-PVD Emphasizes practical applications in the area of IC fabrication and interconnect technology Serves as a guide to select the most appropriate technology for any deposition application *This single source saves time and effort by including comprehensive information at one's finger tips *The integration of tool design, process development, and fundamental physics allows the reader to quickly understand all of the issues important to I-PVD *The numerous practical applications assist the working engineer to select and refine thin film processes

Physical Properties of Quasicrystals

Physical Properties of Quasicrystals PDF

Author: Zbigniew M. Stadnik

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 450

ISBN-13: 3642584349

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Quasicrystals are a new form of the solid state which differ from the other two known forms, crystalline and amorphous, by possesing a new type of long-range translational order, called quasiperiodicty, and a noncrystallographic orientational order. This book provides an up-to-date description of the unusual physical properties of these new materials. Emphasis is placed on the experimental results, which are compared with those of the corresponding crystalline and amorphous systems and discussed in terms of modern theoretical models. Written by leading authorities in the field, the book will be of great use both to experienced workers in the field and to uninitiated graduate students.

Quasicrystals

Quasicrystals PDF

Author: Enrique Maciá-Barber

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2020-12-18

Total Pages: 284

ISBN-13: 1351209132

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promoting the very notion of quasiperiodic order, and to spur its physical implications and technological capabilities. It, therefore, explores the fundamental aspects of intermetallic, photonic, and phononic quasicrystals, as well as soft-matter quasicrystals, including their intrinsic physical and structural properties. In addition, it thoroughly discusses experimental data and related theoretical approaches to explain them, extending the standard treatment given in most current solid state physics literature. It also explores exciting applications in new technological devices of quasiperiodically ordered systems, including multilayered quasiperiodic systems, along with 2D and 3D designs, whilst outlining new frontiers in quasicrystals research. This book can be used as a reader-friendly introductory text for graduate students, in addition to senior scientists and researchers coming from the fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Key features: • Provides an updated and detailed introduction to the interdisciplinary field of quasicrystals in a tutorial style, considering both fundamental aspects and additional freedom degrees provided by designs based on quasiperiodically ordered materials. • Includes 50 fully worked out exercises with detailed solutions, motivating, and illustrating the different concepts and notions to provide readers with further learning opportunities. • Presents a complete compendium of the current state of the art knowledge of quasicrystalline matter, and outlines future next generation materials based on quasiperiodically ordered designs for their potential use in useful technological devices. Dr. Enrique Maciá-Barber is Professor of condensed matter physics at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. His research interests include the thermoelectric properties of quasicrystals and DNA biophysics. In 2010 he received the RSEF- BBVA Foundation Excellence Physics Teaching Award. His book Aperiodic Structures in Condensed Matter: Fundamentals and Applications (CRC Press, Boca-Raton, 2009) is one of the Top Selling Physics Books according to YBP Library Services.

High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering

High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering PDF

Author: Daniel Lundin

Publisher:

Published: 2019-09-13

Total Pages: 398

ISBN-13: 0128124547

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High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering: Fundamentals, Technologies, Challenges and Applications is an in-depth introduction to HiPIMS that emphasizes how this novel sputtering technique differs from conventional magnetron processes in terms of both discharge physics and the resulting thin film characteristics. Ionization of sputtered atoms is discussed in detail for various target materials. In addition, the role of self-sputtering, secondary electron emission and the importance of controlling the process gas dynamics, both inert and reactive gases, are examined in detail with an aim to generate stable HiPIMS processes. Lastly, the book also looks at how to characterize the HiPIMS discharge, including essential diagnostic equipment. Experimental results and simulations based on industrially relevant material systems are used to illustrate mechanisms controlling nucleation kinetics, column formation and microstructure evolution. Includes a comprehensive description of the HiPIMS process from fundamental physics to applications Provides a distinctive link between the process plasma and thin film communities Discusses the industrialization of HiPIMS and its real world applications